The Shapley value is a solution concept from cooperative game theory that provides a way to fairly distribute the total gains or payouts of a cooperative game among its players based on their individual contributions. Named after mathematician Lloyd Shapley, it takes into account the contribution of each player to the overall outcome of the coalition they form with other players.

Endianness refers to the order in which bytes are arranged within larger data types (such as integers or floating-point numbers) when stored in computer memory. It plays a crucial role in data interpretation and communication between different systems and architectures. There are two primary types of endianness: 1. **Big-endian**: In this format, the most significant byte (the "big end") is stored at the lowest memory address, while the least significant byte is stored at the highest address.

"Nolot" does not appear to be a widely recognized term or concept as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It might be a misspelling, a niche term, a brand, or a specific reference not commonly known. If you're looking for information about a product, service, concept, or something else with that name, could you please provide more context or clarify your question?

"Computer chess people" typically refers to individuals who are involved in the development, programming, analysis, and promotion of chess software and artificial intelligence systems designed to play chess. This group may include: 1. **Programmers and Engineers**: These are the developers who create chess engines, which are algorithms capable of evaluating positions, generating moves, and playing chess at various levels of skill. Some well-known chess engines include Stockfish, AlphaZero, and Komodo.

In computer chess, "board representation" refers to the method used to encode the current state of the chessboard, including the positions of all pieces, which player is to move, and other relevant information. This representation is critical for a chess engine to evaluate the position, generate legal moves, and make decisions based on strategic considerations.

Chess Query Language (CQL) is a language designed for querying chess-related data, particularly in the context of chess databases and game analysis. CQL enables users to formulate complex queries to filter and retrieve specific positions, games, or moves based on various conditions. The primary use case for CQL is in chess software and databases, where it can help players, analysts, and researchers find relevant games or positions based on attributes like player rating, opening variations, move sequences, and other parameters.

The history of chess engines is a fascinating journey that reflects advancements in computer science and artificial intelligence. Here’s an overview of the significant milestones in the development of chess engines: ### Early Beginnings (1950s-1970s) - **1951-1966**: The first attempts at creating a chess-playing computer program were made in the early 1950s.

Mephisto is a series of chess computers and software developed by the German company Hegener + Glaser, which gained popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. The Mephisto chess computers were among the early dedicated machines designed specifically for playing chess, offering various models that differed in strength and features. The Mephisto brand was known for its innovative technology and design in chess computing.

The Swedish Chess Computer Association (Svenska Schackdatorföreningen, or SSDF) is an organization dedicated to promoting the development and use of chess computers in Sweden and beyond. Founded in the early 1980s, the SSDF is well-known for maintaining a rating list of chess engines, which evaluates and ranks the performance of different chess programs against each other in a systematic way.

A transposition table is a data structure used in the field of computer science, particularly in artificial intelligence and game-playing algorithms, to optimize the performance of search algorithms such as those used in chess engines, Go programs, and other combinatorial games. The main purpose of a transposition table is to store previously computed results of game positions to avoid redundant calculations and speed up the search process. ### How Transposition Tables Work 1.

Cristina Bicchieri is a notable Italian philosopher and social scientist known for her work in the fields of behavioral economics, social norms, and the philosophy of social science. She is a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and has made significant contributions to understanding how social norms influence individual behavior and decision-making. Bicchieri's research often explores the interplay between individual preferences and social expectations, and she is recognized for developing theoretical frameworks that analyze how norms can be changed and how they impact social cooperation.

Ariel Rubinstein is an Israeli economist and game theorist known for his significant contributions to the fields of economics and game theory. He has worked on various topics including rationality, bargaining, and strategic interactions. Rubinstein is also recognized for his role in the development of concepts such as extensive-form games and perfect equilibrium. In addition to his academic work, he has published extensively and has been involved in discussions about the foundations of economic theory and the implications of game theory in real-world scenarios.

Robin Farquharson does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure or a prominent entity based on available information up to October 2023. It is possible that he could be a private individual or a lesser-known person in a specific field.

Steven J. Brams is an American political scientist, game theorist, and professor known for his work in the fields of political science, game theory, and decision-making. He is particularly noted for his contributions to voting theory, fair division, and strategic behavior. Brams has developed various models and methods for analyzing and improving political processes and decision-making systems. He has published numerous papers and books on these subjects, including works on fair division, which focus on how to allocate resources fairly among individuals.

Thomas Schelling (1921-2021) was an American economist and Nobel laureate known for his work in game theory, bargaining, and strategic decision-making. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2005 for his analysis of conflict and cooperation through game-theoretic concepts. Schelling's most notable contributions include his work on the dynamics of segregation in societies, as outlined in his influential book "Micromotives and Macrobehavior," published in 1978.

The Ultimatum Game is a classic experiment in economics and psychology that demonstrates the concepts of fairness, negotiation, and decision-making in social situations. It involves two players: 1. **The Proposer**: This player is given a specific amount of money (or another resource) and makes an offer on how to split that amount with the second player.

A bimatrix game is a type of game in game theory that involves two players, each of whom has a finite set of strategies. The outcomes of their choices are represented in the form of a matrix (or two matrices) that captures the payoffs for each combination of strategies chosen by the players. In a bimatrix game, the strategies of the two players can be represented as follows: - Player 1's strategies are represented in one matrix (let's call it Matrix A).

The Folk theorem is a concept in game theory that describes conditions under which cooperation can emerge as a stable strategy in repeated games. Specifically, it states that in infinitely repeated games with a finite set of players, if the game's stage payoffs are sufficiently high, then any feasible payoff that is individually rational can be sustained as a Nash equilibrium through a strategy that involves punishment for deviations from cooperation.

M equilibrium refers to a specific type of equilibrium in various contexts, but it most commonly relates to chemical equilibria or economic models. Here are two interpretations of M equilibrium: 1. **Chemical Equilibrium**: In the context of chemistry, M equilibrium could refer to a state in a chemical reaction where the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time. At this point, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.