Cloud computing market share Updated 2025-07-16
Figure 1.
Cloud Computing market share in Q2 2022 by statista.com
. Source.
CNN convolution kernels are not hardcoded. They are learnt and optimized via backpropagation. You just specify their size! Example in PyTorch you'd do just:
nn.Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5))
as used for example at: activatedgeek/LeNet-5.
This can also be inferred from: stackoverflow.com/questions/55594969/how-to-visualise-filters-in-a-cnn-with-pytorch where we see that the kernels are not perfectly regular as you'd expected from something hand coded.
CNOT gate Updated 2025-07-16
The CNOT gate is a controlled quantum gate that operates on two qubits, flipping the second (operand) qubit if the first (control) qubit is set.
This gate is the first example of a controlled quantum gate that you should study.
Equation 1.
CNOT gate matrix
.
Figure 1.
CNOT gate symbol
. Source. The symbol follow the generic symbol convention for controlled quantum gates shown at Figure "Generic controlled quantum gate symbol", but replacing the generic "U" with the Figure "Quantum NOT gate symbol".
To understand why the gate is called a CNOT gate, you should think as follows.
First let's produce a generic quantum state vector where the control qubit is certain to be 0.
On the standard basis:
we see that this means that only and should be possible. Therefore, the state must be of the form:
where and are two complex numbers such that
If we operate the CNOT gate on that state, we obtain:
and so the input is unchanged as desired, because the control qubit is 0.
If however we take only states where the control qubit is for sure 1:
Therefore, in that case, what happened is that the probabilities of and were swapped from and to and respectively, which is exactly what the quantum NOT gate does.
So from this we understand more concretely what "the gate only operates if the first qubit is set to one" means.
Now go and study the Bell state and understand intuitively how this gate is used to produce it.
Code golf Updated 2025-07-16
Microscopy connectome extraction Updated 2025-07-16
This is the most plausible way of obtaining a full connectome looking from 2020 forward. Then you'd observe the slices with an electron microscope + appropriate Staining. Superintelligence by Nick Bostrom (2014) really opened Ciro Santilli's eyes to this possibility.
Once this is done for a human, it will be one of the greatest milestone of humanities, coparable perhaps to the Human Genome Project. BUt of course, privacy issues are incrediby pressing in this case, even more than in the human genome project, as we would essentially be able to read the brain of the person after their death.
As of 2022, the Drosophila connectome had been almost fully extracted.
This is also a possible path towards post-mortem brain reading.
Figure 1. Source. Unconfirmed, but looks like the type of frozen brain where a Microtome would be used.
Microwave transmission for trading Updated 2025-07-16
Finance is a cancer of society. But I have to admit it, it's kind of cool.
Video 1.
Lasers Transmit Market Data and Trade Execution by Anova Technologies (2014)
Source. Their system is insane. It compensates in real time for wind movements of towers. They also have advanced building tracking for things that might cover line of sight.
math.stackexchange.com/questions/2382011/computational-complexity-of-modular-exponentiation-from-rosens-discrete-mathem mentions:
can be calculated in:
Remember that and are the lengths in bits of and , so in terms of the length in bits and we'd get:
Computational physics Updated 2025-07-16
The intersection of two beautiful arts: coding and physics!
Computational physics is a good way to get valuable intuition about the key equations of physics, and train your numerical analysis skills:
MIDI Updated 2025-07-16
In simple terms, represents keystrokes of a piano, but it can likely also represent other effects (TODO confirm: bend, vibrato, slides, attack strength)
Can contain multiple parallel tracks as seen from the Wikipedia example: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid
You can see what it contains well with GUI music editor.
MIDI is fun. It is a basic high level representation of most instrumental music, including beats.
To actually listen to MIDI, you need a software synthesizer, which knows what sound to make for each note. One way to specify such instruments is the SoundFont file format.
Military-industrial complex Updated 2025-07-16
This is notably what the United States emerged to be after World War II. But it was likely what Nazi Germany also was, and many other superpowers.
Ciro Santilli feels that much more relevant would be to also include academia as in "military-industrial-academic" complex, the Wikipedia page actually mentions precedents to this idea.
The addition of congress/politicians is also relevant.
But hey, the name wouldn't sound so slick with three parts.
It is basically in this context that American science and technology flourished after World War II, including notably the development of quantum electrodynamics, Richard Feynman being a prototypical example, having previously worked on the Manhattan Project.

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