God, it's impossible! You just have to convert the entire fucking call stack all the way up to async functions. It could mean refactoring hundreds of functions.
To be fair, there is a logic to this, if you put yourself within the crappiness of the JavaScript threading model. And Python is not that much better with its Global Interpreter Lock.
The problem is that async was introduced relatively late, previously we just had to use infinitely deep callback trees, which was worse:compared to the new infinitely more readable:But now we are in an endless period of transition between both worlds.
myAsync().then(ret => myAsync2(ret).then(ret2 => myAsync3(re3)))ret = await myAsync()
ret2 = await myAsync2(ret)
ret3 = await myAsync3(ret3)It is also worth mentioning that callbacks are still inescapable if you really want to fan out into a non-linear dependency graph, usually with
Promise.all:await Promise.all([
myAsync(1).then(ret => myAsync2(ret)),
myAsync(2).then(ret => myAsync2(ret)),
])Bibliography:
- stackoverflow.com/questions/21819858/how-to-wrap-async-function-calls-into-a-sync-function-in-node-js-or-javascript
- stackoverflow.com/questions/9121902/call-an-asynchronous-javascript-function-synchronously
- stackoverflow.com/questions/47227550/using-await-inside-non-async-function
- stackoverflow.com/questions/43832490/is-it-possible-to-use-await-without-async-in-js
- stackoverflow.com/questions/6921895/synchronous-delay-in-code-execution
And then, after many many hours of this work, you might notice that the new code is way, way way slower than before, because making small functions
async has a large performance impact: madelinemiller.dev/blog/javascript-promise-overhead/. Real world case with a 4x slowdown: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook/tree/async-slow.Anyways, since you Googled here, you might as well learn the standard pattern to convert callbacks functions into async functions using a promise: stackoverflow.com/questions/4708787/get-password-from-input-using-node-js/71868483#71868483
Page contains a good summary of their hardware to date. They seem to still be the centerpiece of silicon development. There are still however people outside of Israel doing it, e.g.: www.linkedin.com/in/laurasharpless/ says as of 2021:
My team develops software for our next-generation Machine Learning accelerators: HAL, firmware, and SoC models.
2021: networking chip reports emerge: www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2021/3/30/22358633/amazon-reportedly-custom-network-switch-silicon-aws, presumably contesting with the likes of Cisco?
2018 onwards: Amazon AI accelerator silicon.
Although it is impossible to understand without examples in mind, try to get familiar with the manuals as soon as possible.
Intel describes paging in the Intel Manual Volume 3 System Programming Guide - 325384-056US September 2015 Chapter 4 "Paging".
Specially interesting is Figure 4-4 "Formats of CR3 and Paging-Structure Entries with 32-Bit Paging", which gives the key data structures.
The Translation Lookahead Buffer (TLB) is a cache for paging addresses.
Free:
- rutgers-pxk-416 chapter "Memory management: lecture notes"
- byjus.com/neet-questions/why-does-dna-contain-thymine-and-rna-uracil says Uracil cannot be repaired by DNA repair mechanisms. But it is also requires less energy to synthesize with.
It is good to see that top-universities is still keeping up with it's main purpose: spontaneous eugenics:
Non-linearity is needed otherwise the input energy would just make the state go to higher and higher energy levels, e.g. from 1 to 2. But we only want to use levels 0 and 1.
The way this is modelled in by starting from a pure LC circuit, which is an harmonic oscillator, see also quantum LC circuit, and then replacing the linear inductor with a SQUID device, e.g. mentioned at: youtu.be/eZJjQGu85Ps?t=1655 Video "Superconducting Qubits I Part 1 by Zlatko Minev (2020)".
OMG, both of those just fucking work on Ubuntu 20.04 with README instructions, it is unbelievable, those people don't have lives. And it builds the ROM byte by byte equal from source!
There are a few different versions:
- github.com/n64decomp/sm64 for emulator (i.e. or real hardware), tested at 9214dddabcce4723d9b6cda2ebccbac209f6447d
- github.com/sm64-port/sm64-port Ubuntu native, tested at 6b47859f757a40096fedd6237f2bc3573d0bc2a4Full screen with F10.
- github.com/sm64pc/sm64ex: fork of sm64-port, untested by Ciro Santilli, but more new amazing usability features, notably:Also reported to work on ARM: www.reddit.com/r/linux/comments/ityg6w/pinephone_playing_super_mario_64_30fps/They also ported to browser with Emscripten: github.com/sm64pc/sm64ex/wiki/Compiling-for-the-web
Tested with the USA ROM at sha1sum 9bef1128717f958171a4afac3ed78ee2bb4e86ce (you need a ROM to extract assets, which the project automates), which is also documented in the project itself: github.com/sm64-port/sm64-port/blob/6b47859f757a40096fedd6237f2bc3573d0bc2a4/sm64.us.sha1. Disclaimer: Ciro Santilli owns a copy of Super Mario 64.
The only dependency missing from Ubuntu packages is the IRIX QEMU user mode which they need for their tooling. The project also has a QEMU fork for that, and provide a working deb.
From this project it was also noticed that certain ROM releases were not compiled with optimizations enabled, presumably because as a release title the compiler had optimization bugs! www.resetera.com/threads/so-apparently-the-ntsc-build-of-mario-64-didnt-use-any-compiler-optimizations.166277/ But now they do have a working compiler, and by turning that switch FPS increases in certain levels!!!
Some quick stupid patches:
- jump really high:
diff --git a/src/game/mario.c b/src/game/mario.c index 5b103fa..83c9f40 100644 --- a/src/game/mario.c +++ b/src/game/mario.c @@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ static u32 set_mario_action_airborne(struct MarioState *m, u32 action, u32 actio case ACT_JUMP: case ACT_HOLD_JUMP: m->marioObj->header.gfx.unk38.animID = -1; - set_mario_y_vel_based_on_fspeed(m, 42.0f, 0.25f); + set_mario_y_vel_based_on_fspeed(m, 200.0f, 0.25f); m->forwardVel *= 0.8f; break;
Interesting entry points:
src/game/game_init.c
TODO: enable the level select debug feature! tcrf.net/Super_Mario_64_(Nintendo_64)/Debug_Content#Classic_Debug_Display They actually shipped quite a few debug features into the retail game, and they have been reversed too. I tried this but it didn't work (or I don't know how to enable the level select menu):
diff --git a/src/game/main.c b/src/game/main.c
index 9e53e50..b7443a8 100644
--- a/src/game/main.c
+++ b/src/game/main.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ s8 sAudioEnabled = 1;
u32 sNumVblanks = 0;
s8 gResetTimer = 0;
s8 D_8032C648 = 0;
-s8 gDebugLevelSelect = 0;
+s8 gDebugLevelSelect = 1;
s8 D_8032C650 = 0;
s8 gShowProfiler = FALSE;The
enhancements/ folder contains a few sample patches.
Screenshot of mupen64Plus running on Ubuntu 20.04 emulating Super Mario 64 with the title screen hacked by Ciro Santilli based on the Super Mario 64 reverse engineering project
. The title was on a string, so the hack was trivial! The patch used was:diff --git a/include/text_strings.h.in b/include/text_strings.h.in
index 749179b..626f87e 100644
--- a/include/text_strings.h.in
+++ b/include/text_strings.h.in
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
*/
// Main Screens
#define TEXT_MARIO _("MARIO") // View Score Menu
-#define TEXT_SELECT_FILE _("SELECT FILE")
+#define TEXT_SELECT_FILE _("HACKED BY CIRO")
#define TEXT_CHECK_FILE _("CHECK FILE")
#define TEXT_COPY_FILE _("COPY FILE")
#define TEXT_ERASE_FILE _("ERASE FILE")Some tutorials of hacking it:
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jkb7Naczoww SM64 Decomp Tutorial 1: Setting Up and First Code Changes by Bitlytic (2021)
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuIpqX4neWg Rovert Decomp Tech Demo by Rovert (2019) Metal cap makes Mario huge.
- www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aG1Iyjo20w Is it Possible to Beat Super Mario 64 as Tiny Mario? (Mini Mario Challenge) coverts the obvious make Mario huge/tiny hack. Huge mario verion: www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR_gol6zlIo. There was a pre-decompilation ROM hack doing that trivial change already: Tiny Huge Mario 64. Sample tool-assisted speedrun: www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7BjzZ_Nkk0
FIXING the ENTIRE SM64 Source Code by Kaze Emanuar (2022)
Source. Now that we have the source, modders like this are going nuts. There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.