In x86 systems, there may actually be 2 address translation steps:
  • first segmentation
  • then paging
like this:
(logical) ------------------> (linear) ------------> (physical)
             segmentation                 paging
The major difference between paging and segmentation is that:
  • paging splits RAM into equal sized chunks called pages
  • segmentation splits memory into chunks of arbitrary sizes
Paging came after segmentation historically, and largely replaced it for the implementation of virtual memory in modern OSs.
Paging has become so much more popular that support for segmentation was dropped in x86-64 in 64-bit mode, the main mode of operation for new software, where it only exists in compatibility mode, which emulates IA-32.
Page size extension.
Allows for pages to be 4M (or 2M if PAE is on) in length instead of 4K.
PSE is turned on and off via the PSE bit of cr4.
Peter Cordes mentions that some architectures like MIPS leave paging almost completely in the hands of software: a TLB miss runs an OS-supplied function to walk the page tables, and insert the new mapping into the TLB. In such architectures, the OS can use whatever data structure it wants.
Homeothermy by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
It is quite mind blowing that this is polyphyletic on mammals and birds, what can't parallel evolution achieve??
Figure 1.
Phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates
. Source. Highlights how birds should obviously be classified as reptiles.
For students (who are paying for the university to start with...), they will not claim tutorials linked to courses. But a tutorial that shows university laboratories, it is unclear: www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/intellectual-property (archive) This likely includes graduate students, who are also not paid by the university.
For faculty, the university owns everything it seems, to be confirmed.
Saint Peter by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Brother of andrew the Apostle, called by Jesus in fishers of men. Born Simon, but Jesus renamed him to Peter, thus the weird "Simon called Peter" way he is referred to as in some versions of the Bible.
Ciro Santilli's joke version of the Chinese Four Treasures of the Study!
  • web browser
  • Text editor
  • terminal. Though to be honest, circa 2022, Ciro learned of the ctrl + click to open file (including with file.c:123 line syntax) ability of Visual Studio Code (likely present in other IDEs), and he was starting considering dumping the terminal altogether if some implementation gets it really really right. The main thing is that it can't be a tinny little bar at the bottom, it has to be full window and super easily toggleable!
In the past, Ciro used to use file managers, which would be the fourth tresure. But he stopped doing so for years due to his cd alias... so it became three. He actually had exactly three windows open when he was checking if there was anything else he could not open hand of.
Figure 1.
The three Treasures of the Programmer
. Featuring: Gvim, tmux running in GNOME terminal, and Chromium browser on Ubuntu 22.04. The minimized windows are for demonstration purposes, Cirism mandates that all windows shall be maximized at all times. Splits withing a single program are permitted however.
SVG background color by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
This is a pain point as of SVG 1.1...
Examples at svg/background.html which answers from stackoverflow.com/questions/11293026/default-background-color-of-svg-root-element/11293812:
This pain reflects directly on Inkscape: set SVG background color in Inkscape.
SQL tree traversal by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16

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