Lens by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
The most important type of lens is the biconvex spherical lens.
Transcription unit by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
A sequence of mRNA that can actually be transcribed.
Multiple different transcription units can be produced by a single operon, see: operon vs transcription unit.
P versus NP problem by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Interesting because of the Cook-Levin theorem: if only a single NP-complete problem were in P, then all NP-complete problems would also be P!
We all know the answer for this: either false or independent.
Since that is a symmetric bilinear form, the associated matrix is a symmetric matrix.
By default, we will use the time negative representation unless stated otherwise:
but another equivalent one is to use a time positive representation:
The matrix is typically denoted by the Greek letter eta.
Pion by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Conceptually the simplest mesons. All of them have neutral color charge:
  • charged: down + anti-up or up + anti-down, therefore with net electrical charge electron charge
  • neutral: down + anti-down or up + anti-up, therefore with net electrical charge 0
However, many, many, many terrible horrors come with it:
Optical fiber by Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
The Story of Light by Bell Labs (2015)
Source. Gives some ideas of the history of fiber optics. Features: Herwig Kogelnik.
Video 2.
Fiber optic cables by EngineerGuy
. Source.
Video 3.
Fiber optics fundamentals by Shaoul Ezekiel
. Source. 2008 at MIT. Theory and demonstration.

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