Disjoining pressure is a concept in physical chemistry and materials science that refers to the pressure difference across a thin film or interface due to molecular interactions and forces. It is particularly relevant in the study of thin liquid films, such as those found in emulsions, foams, or biological membranes. Disjoining pressure arises from three primary sources: 1. **Van der Waals Forces**: These are attractive forces that can cause thin films to collapse when the film thickness is reduced.
Dyakonov surface waves, also known as Dyakonov waves, are a type of guided wave that can occur at the interface between an anisotropic material and a normal dielectric. These waves are named after the Russian physicist Mikhail Dyakonov, who contributed significantly to their theoretical development. ### Key Features: 1. **Anisotropic Media**: Dyakonov surface waves propagate in anisotropic materials, which have different physical properties in different directions.
Hydrogel encapsulation of quantum dots refers to the process of incorporating quantum dots (QDs)—nanoscale semiconductor particles with unique optical and electronic properties—into a hydrogel matrix. Hydrogel is a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymer chains that can hold a large amount of water and is often used for various biomedical and technological applications.
A hydrophile is a substance or molecule that has a strong affinity for water; it tends to interact well with water and often dissolves in it. This property arises from the presence of polar functional groups or charged particles in the hydrophilic substance, which can form hydrogen bonds or ionic interactions with water molecules. Common examples of hydrophilic substances include sugars, salts, and certain types of proteins.
A hydrophobe is a substance or molecule that is repellent to water; it does not dissolve in or mix well with water. Hydrophobic molecules typically have nonpolar characteristics, meaning they do not have a charge that can interact with the polar water molecules. Common examples of hydrophobic substances include oils, fats, and certain types of waxes. In contrast, hydrophilic substances attract water and can dissolve in it, such as sugars and salts.
Amita Manatunga appears to be a relatively obscure or specific name, and there isn't widely available information about a person or entity by that name in my training data up to October 2023.
Superhydrophilicity refers to the extreme affinity of a surface to water, resulting in a very high contact angle hysteresis and the ability to attract and spread water droplets over the surface. In practical terms, materials exhibiting superhydrophilicity have low contact angles (typically less than 10 degrees), meaning that water droplets spread out almost completely on the surface rather than forming beads.
Surface tension is a physical property of liquids that describes the elastic tendency of a fluid surface. It is the result of the cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the surface, which causes them to contract and minimizes the surface area. Surface tension is typically measured in units of force per unit length, often expressed in dynes per centimeter (dyn/cm) or newtons per meter (N/m). The values of surface tension can vary widely among different liquids.
Surface chemistry of neural implants refers to the study and manipulation of the surface properties of materials used in implants designed for interfacing with neural tissue. The goal is to optimize how these implants interact with their biological environment, particularly with neurons and glial cells, in order to improve functionality, biocompatibility, and longevity. Here are some key aspects of surface chemistry relevant to neural implants: ### 1.
Surface chemistry of paper refers to the study and understanding of the chemical properties and interactions occurring at the surface of paper materials. This area of research is vital because the surface characteristics of paper can significantly influence its functionality, printability, wettability, and interaction with various substances. ### Key Aspects of Surface Chemistry of Paper: 1. **Surface Composition**: - Paper is primarily made from cellulose fibers, which derive from wood pulp or other plant materials.
Surface growth refers to the process by which materials accumulate on the surface of a substrate or a previously existing layer. This concept is prevalent in various fields, including materials science, chemistry, biology, and physics. Here are some contexts in which surface growth is significant: 1. **Materials Science**: In this field, surface growth often pertains to processes like thin film deposition, where atoms or molecules are added to a substrate to create a layer.
Surface properties of transition metal oxides (TMOs) are critical for various applications, including catalysis, sensor technology, and electronic devices. These properties are heavily influenced by the unique electronic structure, coordination geometry, and chemical reactivity of transition metals. Here are some key aspects of the surface properties of transition metal oxides: 1. **Surface Structure and Morphology**: - The surface structure can vary depending on the preparation method (e.g.
Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) is an analytical technique used to study the physical and chemical properties of materials, particularly surfaces and thin films. It involves the controlled heating of a sample to release adsorbed species, such as gases or volatile compounds, and measuring their desorption as a function of temperature. In TDS, the sample is typically placed in a vacuum chamber or a controlled atmosphere.
Planka.nu is a website and platform that originated in Sweden, primarily focused on advocating for free public transportation as a means of promoting accessibility and sustainability. The platform is part of a broader movement that challenges traditional transportation payment models and aims to create a more equitable public transport system. The site often features information, resources, and discussions related to the issue of public transport funding, accessibility, and alternatives to fare-based systems. Activists and supporters of Planka.
Electric cars, or electric vehicles (EVs), are vehicles that are powered entirely or partially by electricity, as opposed to conventional vehicles that rely on internal combustion engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel. Here are some key features and components of electric cars: 1. **Power Source**: Electric cars use one or more electric motors for propulsion. They are powered by rechargeable batteries that store electrical energy.
Human-powered transport refers to modes of transportation that rely on human physical effort to operate, rather than engines or motors. Common examples include: 1. **Bicycles**: One of the most popular forms of human-powered transport, bicycles use pedaling to propel the rider. 2. **Walking**: The most basic form of human-powered transport, used for short distances. 3. **Running**: Similar to walking but at a faster pace, often used for recreational activities or short commutes.
Hydrogen cars, also known as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), are automobiles that use hydrogen as a fuel source to power an electric motor. Instead of relying on conventional fuels like gasoline or diesel, these vehicles generate electricity through a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell. ### Key Features of Hydrogen Cars: 1. **Fuel Cell Technology**: At the heart of a hydrogen car is the fuel cell, which converts hydrogen gas from the tank into electricity.
Personal transporters are compact, portable vehicles designed for individual use to facilitate personal mobility. They typically include devices that operate on electronic and often battery-powered systems. Common examples of personal transporters include: 1. **Electric scooters**: These are two-wheeled vehicles powered by electric motors, allowing users to easily navigate urban environments. 2. **Segways and hoverboards**: Segways use a self-balancing mechanism, whereas hoverboards are platform-style devices that also operate through balancing techniques.
Road congestion charge schemes are urban transportation management strategies designed to reduce traffic congestion in busy areas by imposing a fee on vehicles entering certain zones during peak hours. The primary goals of these schemes are to improve traffic flow, decrease air pollution, enhance public transport usage, and encourage the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as walking, cycling, or carpooling. ### Key Features of Road Congestion Charge Schemes: 1. **Charges**: Drivers must pay a fee when entering designated congestion zones.
"Sustainable transport pioneers" typically refers to individuals, organizations, or initiatives that are at the forefront of developing and promoting transportation systems and practices that are environmentally friendly, socially inclusive, and economically viable. These pioneers advocate for and implement strategies that reduce carbon emissions, minimize ecological impact, and enhance accessibility while ensuring that transportation meets the needs of present and future generations.