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The near-infrared (NIR) window in biological tissue refers to a specific range of wavelengths in the near-infrared spectrum where biological tissues are relatively transparent to light. This window typically ranges from about 700 nanometers (nm) to 1100 nm. In this range, the absorption and scattering of light by water, hemoglobin, and other biological chromophores are minimized, allowing for deeper penetration of light into tissues.

Oncotherm is a medical technology company that specializes in the development of innovative cancer treatment solutions. The company is known for its focus on hyperthermia therapy, which involves the use of controlled heat to treat tumors and cancerous tissues. Hyperthermia is based on the principle that elevated temperatures can enhance the effectiveness of traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, by improving drug delivery and disrupting cancer cell function.

An optical stretcher is a device used in the field of biophysics and biomedical research to manipulate biological cells and tissues using laser light. It exploits the principles of optical trapping and radiation pressure to deform or stretch cells, often for the purpose of studying their mechanical properties, interactions, or behaviors under different conditions. The core principle behind an optical stretcher involves directing laser beams in such a way that they create a gradient of optical forces.

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles and techniques of physics to understand biological systems at various scales. Here's an outline of the main topics and areas of study in biophysics: ### 1. **Introduction to Biophysics** - Definition and scope of biophysics - Historical development of the field - Importance of biophysics in understanding biological processes ### 2.

Physical oncology is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from physics, oncology (the study and treatment of cancer), biomedical engineering, and other related sciences to better understand cancer and improve its treatment. The aim of physical oncology is to apply physical concepts and techniques to the challenges associated with cancer diagnosis, treatment, and research.

Protein chemical shift prediction refers to the computational method used to estimate the chemical shifts of nuclei in protein molecules, most commonly for proton (^1H), carbon (^13C), and nitrogen (^15N) isotopes. Chemical shifts are fundamental parameters in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a powerful technique for studying the structures and dynamics of proteins and other biomolecules.

Protein–protein interaction (PPI) refers to the physical contacts between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events and/or electrostatic forces. These interactions are crucial for almost every biological process in cells, including enzyme activity, signaling pathways, structural integrity, immune responses, and regulatory mechanisms. PPIs can be transient or stable and can occur in various forms, such as: 1. **Homomeric Interactions**: Involves interactions between identical proteins.

Quantum biology is an interdisciplinary field that explores the application of quantum mechanics to biological systems. It investigates how quantum phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, can influence biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Key areas of interest in quantum biology include: 1. **Photosynthesis**: Research has shown that some plants and bacteria use quantum coherence to efficiently transfer energy during photosynthesis. This process harnesses sunlight to convert it into chemical energy.

Quasinormal modes (QNMs) are specific types of oscillatory solutions to the equations governing perturbed systems, particularly in the context of general relativity and black hole physics. They describe the response of a perturbed system, such as a black hole, after a disturbance, analogous to the normal modes of a vibrating system in engineering or classical physics, but with important differences.

The Random Coil Index (RCI) is a quantitative measure used to describe the intrinsic conformational properties of polypeptides or proteins in solution, particularly the propensity of certain amino acid sequences to adopt random coil (or disordered) conformations. It provides insights into the structural characteristics of proteins that do not have a well-defined three-dimensional structure, often referred to as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions within proteins.

The Saffman–Delbrück model is a theoretical framework used in biophysics and cellular biology to describe the behavior of large biomolecules, such as proteins and membrane receptors, that are embedded in or associated with biological membranes. Specifically, it addresses the motion of these large entities in a viscous fluid, considering both the properties of the biomolecule and the environment of the membrane in which they are located.

A slip bond is a type of adhesive bond formed between two surfaces that allows for relative motion or sliding between them under certain conditions. Unlike traditional bonds, which are designed to maintain a strong connection, slip bonds are often used in applications where some level of movement or flexibility is required.

The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is a measure used to quantify the amount of radiofrequency (RF) energy absorbed by biological tissues when exposed to electromagnetic fields, such as those from mobile phones, wireless devices, and other electronic equipment. It is typically expressed in watts per kilogram (W/kg). SAR provides insight into the potential biological effects of exposure to electromagnetic radiation, particularly in terms of thermal effects, which involve heating of tissues due to energy absorption.

Surface tension biomimetics refers to the imitation or emulation of natural processes related to surface tension in biological systems to create innovative materials or technologies. Surface tension is the property of a liquid's surface that makes it behave like a stretched elastic membrane; this phenomenon is crucial in various biological functions and systems. Biomimetics, in general, is an interdisciplinary approach that seeks to learn from and mimic the strategies found in nature to solve human problems.

Tethered particle motion (TPM) is a biophysical technique used to study molecular interactions, conformational changes, and dynamics at the single-molecule level. In TPM experiments, a biomolecule (such as DNA, RNA, or a protein) is typically attached (or "tethered") to a surface via one end while the other end is labeled with a fluorescent particle, usually a microsphere or quantum dot.

The term "thanatotranscriptome" refers to the set of RNA molecules (transcriptome) that are expressed in a biological specimen after death. This concept is derived from "thanato," which relates to death, and "transcriptome," which signifies the complete range of RNA transcripts produced by the genome under specific circumstances. The study of the thanatotranscriptome involves analyzing how gene expression and cellular mechanisms change post-mortem.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. They bind to specific sequences of DNA near the genes they regulate, thereby influencing the transcription of those genes by either promoting or inhibiting the recruitment of RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. Transcription factors can act as activators or repressors.

A worm-like chain (WLC) is a theoretical model used in polymer physics and biophysics to describe the conformational properties of long, flexible polymers. The model helps in understanding the behavior of macromolecules such as DNA, proteins, and synthetic polymers. Key characteristics of the worm-like chain model include: 1. **Continuous Chain**: The worm-like chain is often represented as a continuous chain of tangent segments, where each segment maintains a certain angle with respect to its neighbors.