Shot noise is a type of electronic noise that arises from the discrete nature of charge carriers, such as electrons, in a system. It is particularly significant in situations where current is low, and it becomes more pronounced in semiconductor devices, photodetectors, and other electronic components that rely on the movement of individual charge carriers.
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Shot noise is fluctuation associated with discrete transfer events. For an electric current, individual charge carriers contribute finite amounts of electric charge, even when a meter displays a smooth mean. The simplest model is a stream of equal, independently arriving charges with constant rate: its Poisson process predicts both the mean electric current and the variance around it. Discreteness alone does not imply a Poisson distribution; the timing and correlations matter.
The useful surprise is that noise can reveal something a mean hides. Two devices can carry the same mean electric current yet have different fluctuations because one transfers charges independently and the other groups or regulates them. A calibrated shot noise photocurrent measurement can connect a macroscopic voltage variance to the elementary charge. Thermal electrical noise instead exists in an unbiased resistor at thermal equilibrium; a measured background can contain both mechanisms.
Walter Schottky's 1918 paper Über spontane Stromschwankungen in verschiedenen Elektrizitätsleitern treated amplifier sensitivity limits. Part II considered independent discrete transfers, including thermionic emission through a vacuum. On p. 563 he proposed amplifying fluctuations from a separate discharge tube to determine the elementary charge; those experiments were prospective, not reported results.[ref]
Über spontane Stromschwankungen in verschiedenen Elektrizitätsleitern by Walter Schottky. Schottky (1918), p. 541; Part II, pp. 547–552; p. 563, proposed experiment