Measurement of movement of a radiolabeled meal from the stomach over time. It estimates gastric emptying under specified test conditions rather than observing every aspect of digestive motility.^[ref]

A mucosal ulcer in an area exposed to gastric acid and digestive activity, commonly the stomach or duodenum. Its presence does not imply that acid secretion alone explains the cause.

A peptic ulcer located in the stomach. It is a break in the mucosal surface extending beyond a superficial erosion, with potential effects including pain, bleeding or perforation.

Bleeding into the digestive tract. The appearance of expelled or passed blood depends on its source, quantity and transit, so visible color alone is an incomplete localization test.

Vomiting of blood originating in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Fresh blood and altered dark material are different appearances of bleeding, distinct from coughing blood from the respiratory tract.

Vomiting of material containing bile. It describes the expelled contents and can suggest backflow from beyond the stomach, but the appearance alone does not identify a unique level or cause of obstruction.

A full-thickness breach in the intestinal wall. Leakage of contents can contaminate the peritoneal cavity and cause peritonitis, connecting a local structural failure with widespread inflammation.

A stone formed in the biliary system. Symptoms and complications depend on its location and whether it obstructs flow.

Acute infection and inflammation of the biliary tree, commonly in association with impaired bile drainage. Obstruction and infection reinforce each other, distinguishing the syndrome from an uncomplicated gallstone.^[ref]

Acute inflammation of the pancreas, associated with injury to pancreatic tissue. Local inflammation can produce systemic effects, so the anatomical focus and severity of whole-body illness are related but different features.

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is a physical finding with several possible causes, including changes in portal pressure, protein balance and peritoneal inflammation.^[ref]

Insufficient blood supply to intestinal tissue relative to its needs. Impaired oxygen delivery can disrupt the mucosal barrier and, when severe, cause necrosis; the mechanism is vascular rather than simply blockage of the bowel anatomical lumen.

Extensive scarring and structural remodeling of the liver into regenerative nodules. Altered architecture can impair function and increase resistance to blood flow, connecting tissue repair with portal hypertension.

An apparatus used to move fluid and gastric contents through a tube during gastric lavage. The instrument’s ability to remove contents is distinct from evidence that the procedure improves the outcome of a particular poisoning.

An idealized gas mixture in which component partial pressures add and component amounts obey the ideal gas law. At a common temperature and pressure, component gas volumes before mixing can be used to calculate the mixture's mole fractions.

Keep exactly the elements of a list satisfying a predicate, preserving their relative order. A recursive step tests the head, prepending it to the filtered tail when it passes and otherwise returning that filtered tail alone. On a finite input, this uses one predicate evaluation per element; an infinite rejected tail cannot produce a next output under lazy evaluation.

A function together with the bindings of variables from its defining environment. A mutable captured variable makes successive calls stateful. Sharing such a closure between copied iterators can violate the promised independent enumeration even when their current values are copied separately.

A function taking another function as an argument or returning one as a result. Function composition, the map function and a list fold are standard examples.

A type constructor $M$ with operations $\mathrm{result}:A\to MA$ and $▹:MA\to (A\to MB)\to MB$ satisfying the monad laws. The first embeds a value; the second sequences a computation with a value-dependent continuation. This is the programming interface to a monad.

An elastic tongue fixed at one end and moving through a close-fitting opening without regularly striking its frame. An airflow can maintain oscillation by exchanging energy with the reed's elastic motion. This mechanism is an analogy for some aspects of phonation, not an anatomical identity.