Examination of the uterine cavity with an optical instrument passed through the cervix. It provides direct visualization of the cavity’s surface and can guide investigation of focal lesions that a whole-organ measurement may miss.

Menstrual blood loss that interferes with physical, social or emotional life. It is a clinical description with several possible causes, including uterine fibroids and ovulatory disturbances, rather than one pathological diagnosis.^[ref]

Given finitely many nonempty closed intervals $[s_i,e_i]$, choose as few points as possible so that each interval contains a chosen point. An optimal greedy algorithm repeatedly chooses the smallest end of an uncovered interval. After choosing $t$, any still uncovered interval starts strictly after $t$, since its end cannot be smaller than $t$. Thus the intervals whose ends trigger successive choices are pairwise disjoint. Every feasible point set needs a separate point in each triggering interval, proving that the greedy point set is optimal. Sorting by end and scanning takes $O(n\log n)$ time. The inclusion of endpoints means an interval starting at the last chosen point is already covered.

Glucose production supplies glucose through pathways including glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In mammals, the liver is an important contributor to circulating glucose, with additional contributions depending on physiological state. Breakdown of stored glycogen uses previously stored glucose units; gluconeogenesis assembles glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. Measuring net glucose release does not separately identify the contributions of these pathways. ^[ref]

Microglia are resident immune-lineage cells of the central nervous system. They monitor and respond to tissue conditions and interact with neural connections. Their roles differ from those of neurons and from treating every glial cell as one passive supporting population.

A salivary gland produces fluid delivered into the mouth through ducts. Its secretions lubricate surfaces and contribute to the oral environment and digestion. The parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland have different locations and secretory contributions.

A paired male perineal gland beside the membranous urethra, deep to the perineal membrane. Its duct reaches the bulbar urethra.

The thyroid is an endocrine gland in the anterior neck. It produces thyroid hormones involved in metabolism and biological development. Its size and hormone output are different properties: a goitre names enlargement without specifying whether glandular secretion is high, low or normal.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone contributes to control of thyroid hormone secretion. Measuring the gland's dimensions and measuring circulating hormone concentrations therefore answer different physiological questions.

Climatology studies the statistical behaviour of the atmosphere and its coupling to oceans, ice and the land over extended periods. It asks how distributions of temperature, rainfall, wind and other quantities vary with location, season and external forcing. A climatological normal provides one stated reference, but an average alone does not describe extremes or variability.

Measurements from weather stations and other observing systems test climate models and establish changes relative to a baseline. Physical interpretation requires energy and moisture budgets, atmospheric circulation and interactions such as ice-ocean albedo feedback. An unusually cold day and a long-term warming trend concern different statistical questions, so the time interval and the measured quantity must be specified.

A weak gravitational field is a regime in which the metric differs little from a suitable flat reference metric. In a slow-motion, approximately stationary situation, $g_{tt}\simeq 1+2\varphi /c^2$ for signature $(+---)$, with Newtonian potential $\varphi$. Proper-clock rates then differ fractionally by $\Delta \varphi /c^2$. Small metric perturbations do not by themselves imply every velocity is nonrelativistic; slow motion is a separate approximation when deriving Newtonian dynamics.

Failure of coordinated intestinal propulsion without a mechanical obstruction. Bowel distension can resemble bowel obstruction, but the underlying problem lies in motility rather than an occluding structure.

Impaired movement of intestinal contents because of a mechanical blockage. Site, degree and effects on the blood supply determine consequences; paralytic ileus describes impaired propulsion without that mechanical barrier.

Difficult, infrequent or incomplete passage of stool relative to a person’s usual function. It describes a pattern with several causes, including altered motility and evacuation, rather than a fixed universal interval between bowel movements.^[ref]

Abnormally elevated pressure within the portal venous blood circulation. Increased resistance to flow or altered inflow can promote collateral veins and fluid accumulation, connecting vascular pressure with findings beyond the liver.

Dilated collateral veins around the rectum, usually associated with portal hypertension. They differ from ordinary haemorrhoids in their circulatory origin even when both can produce rectal bleeding.

A group of chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders, chiefly Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Distribution and tissue involvement help distinguish forms; the term is not interchangeable with every cause of intestinal inflammation.

The subjective feeling of an urge to vomit. It can occur without vomiting, and vomiting can occur with little preceding nausea, making the sensation and the motor act distinct clinical observations.

Repeated return of recently eaten material into the mouth through a characteristic behavioral and muscular pattern. It differs from ordinary vomiting driven by nausea and retching, despite overlap in the material expelled.

Delayed gastric emptying without a mechanical blockage explaining it. Symptoms and measured emptying can differ in degree, so the physiological measurement and the patient’s experience provide complementary information.^[ref]

Transfer of stomach contents into the duodenum. Meal composition and coordinated muscular activity affect the rate; disappearance from the stomach is not the same measurement as absorption into the blood.