The maxilla is a major upper-jaw bone contributing to the upper dental arch, hard palate, nasal region and orbit. Its several processes connect these regions structurally. The term refers to the bone, rather than all soft tissues of the upper jaw.

A skeletal element associated with the vertebral axis. Reduction of free ribs is part of the characteristic frog body organization.

A skull-roof bone formed by integration of frontal and parietal components, characteristic of frogs and some other vertebrates.

Formation of bone. Dermal, perichondral and endochondral modes should be distinguished from mineral deposition in cartilage.

The frontal bone forms the forehead and contributes to the orbital roofs and anterior cranial floor. Its internal and external surfaces relate respectively to intracranial and facial structures. A surface landmark therefore does not reveal every deeper boundary made by the same bone.

A parietal bone forms much of the superior and lateral cranial vault. The paired bones meet near the midline and join other skull bones through sutures. Their broad surfaces contribute protection while the junctions have distinct developmental relationships.

An ordered-reference spin-wave calculation has zero-energy collective rotation modes. Their squeezing parameters become singular; a finite-size or symmetry-breaking regulator is required rather than treating them as ordinary normalized oscillator vacua.

In a 1996 experiment, ultracold cesium atoms were loaded into the lowest band of an optical standing wave made with $852\mathrm{nm}$ light. Chirping the frequency difference of its counterpropagating beams accelerated the lattice, producing a constant inertial force in its frame. Switching off the lattice after different evolution times allowed momentum-distribution measurements. The observed oscillations tested the periodic band velocity underlying a Bloch oscillation; the lattice period and imposed acceleration controlled the oscillation frequency.^[ref]

For $ϵ(k)={ϵ}_0-2J\cos ka$ and electron force $-eE$, $k(t)=k_0-eEt/\hslash$. Integrating the group velocity gives $x(t)-x(0)=2J[\cos (k_{0}a-{\omega }_{B}t)-\cos (k_{0}a)]/(eE)$, with ${\omega }_B=eEa/\hslash$ for positive $E$. The amplitude about the mean is $2|J|/(e|E|)$ and the peak-to-peak extent is twice that.

An inference of black-hole angular momentum, usually quoted through $a_{\ast }$. Accretion-based techniques use the dependence of the stable inner orbit and relativistic radiation transfer on spin in the Kerr black hole model. Disk truncation, inclination, illumination and atmosphere assumptions can imitate a change of spin and must enter the uncertainty model.

For fixed radiative efficiency $\eta$, Eddington-limited accretion without mergers gives $M(t)=M_0{e}^{t/t_{\mathrm{Sal}}}$ with $t_{\mathrm{Sal}}=\eta {\sigma }_{T}c/[(1-\eta )4\pi G{m}_p]$. A specified final mass and growth interval therefore require $M_0\ge M_f{e}^{-\Delta t/t_{\mathrm{Sal}}}$. The retained factor $1-\eta$ distinguishes actual hole growth from rest-mass supply.

The spectral radiation energy density $u(\omega )$ is defined per unit angular frequency and physical volume. Thermal Planck law convention excludes the vacuum zero-point term. A density per ordinary frequency instead obeys $u_{\omega }=u_{\nu }/(2\pi )$, evaluated at $\nu =\omega /(2\pi )$; Einstein coefficients multiplying these densities must be converted correspondingly.

Two wide perfect-conductor plates separated by $d$ support a gapless transverse electromagnetic mode whose electric field is normal to the plates. At $\omega \ll c/d$, multiply the single-polarization two-dimensional photon density of states by $\hslash \omega$ and the Bose-Einstein distribution to get the title's spectrum. This is a low-frequency statement; it need not describe the full thermal spectrum if thermally populated higher branches cross their cutoffs.

A biochemical regulatory module with two stable states over a specified range of conditions. History-dependent thresholds distinguish hysteresis from a single steep response.

A lattice interaction graph is bipartite if its sites split into two sets such that every interaction bond joins opposite sets. An even nearest-neighbour ring has this property. It permits a two-sublattice Néel state and a bipartite spin rotation; an odd antiferromagnetic ring is frustrated.

The binomial expansion expresses $(a+b{)}^n$ as ${\sum }_{k=0}^n\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k}\right)a^{n-k}{b}^k$ for a nonnegative integer $n$. The binomial coefficients give the number of ways to choose which $k$ factors supply $b$.

For a positive integer $n$, its bit length is the number of binary digits in its usual representation:Equivalently, $\ell (n)$ is the unique positive integer satisfying $2^{\ell (n)-1}\le n<2^{\ell (n)}$. For example, $13=1101_2$ has bit length four, and $8=1000_2$ has bit length four too. The inequalities provide an exact characterization without a floating-point logarithm.

Many integer programming interfaces define the bit length of zero as zero. That convention counts no significant one-bit; it differs from the written binary numeral $0$, which has one character. A fixed-width machine word can also contain leading zero bits that do not contribute to the value's bit length.

An Ediacaran animal interpreted as a mollusc-like bilaterian. It informs the timing of animal differentiation without being a proposed vertebrate ancestor.

For $x>0$, the Bessel differential equation of order $1/2$ has independent solutions $x^{-1/2}\sin x$ and $x^{-1/2}\cos x$. Substituting $y=x^{-1/2}u$ reduces it to $u^{\prime \prime }+u=0$. The normalization of the Bessel function of the first kind gives the displayed formulas for orders $1/2$ and $-1/2$. The Frobenius method obtains the same pair from exponents $1/2$ and $-1/2$: their even-coefficient series reduce to the sine and cosine power series. In the negative-exponent recurrence, the free coefficient at the next exponent can add the positive-exponent solution, an example of an undetermined coefficient at Frobenius resonance.