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The volume change per infinitesimal added amount of a component at fixed temperature, pressure and amounts of the other components: .
A voltage-gated calcium channel couples membrane voltage to a calcium-permeable pore. In a pancreatic beta cell, depolarization-dependent calcium entry can connect metabolic sensing to insulin-granule exocytosis.
A voltage-gated potassium channel couples a voltage-sensing region to a potassium-selective pore. The sensor determines voltage-dependent opening, whereas filter coordination chemistry contributes to which ions permeate.
A voltage-sensing domain changes conformation in response to membrane voltage. Charged residues, often in an S4 helix, redistribute in the electric field and couple to other functional parts of the protein.
A voltage-gated sodium channel couples voltage-sensor movement to a sodium-permeable pore. Activation and inactivation are distinct transitions, and loss of current must be separated from altered expression or membrane delivery.
In 1967, C. Cawthorne and E. J. Fulton reported electron-microscope thin-foil examinations of type316 stainless-steel fuel cladding and mechanical-test specimens irradiated in the Dounreay Fast Reactor. The work helped identify microscopic cavities in the dimensional-instability problem.[ref]
Voids in irradiated stainless steel by C. Cawthorne and E. J. Fulton. Opening description of the specimens, reactor and thin-foil examination
A vacancy-rich cavity generated under irradiation. Its growth is governed by the balance of vacancy and interstitial fluxes and differs from a strongly gas-pressure-stabilised bubble.
The transient dose interval before substantial measurable cavity void swelling. Nucleation and evolution of competing defect sinks make it sensitive to starting microstructure and irradiation conditions.
The derivative of volume void swelling with respect to displacement dose, . It differs from a time rate; conversion requires a dose rate and a specified irradiation history.
Dependence of a receptor or sensory response on wavelength. Define whether the measurement concerns a pigment, receptor, circuit or behaviour.
A light-sensitive receptor protein associated with a chromophore. Sequence, expression, chromophore and neural processing all contribute to visual performance.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact