Thiophenol is $\mathrm{PhSH}$. Its conjugate base is thiophenolate, $\mathrm{Ph}{\mathrm{S}}^{-}$, a sulfur-centered nucleophile.

A ${\mu }_3$ thiocyanate connecting three metal centres. In layered first-row divalent metal thiocyanates, its nitrogen coordinates one metal and its sulfur coordinates two others, giving an $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{N}}_2{\mathrm{S}}_4$ octahedral coordination environment.

Sequential ring opening, five-membered cyclic imidodithiocarbonate formation, cleavage and reclosure can exchange the thiirane sulfur with the thiocyanate sulfur. Backside substitution at both ring carbons reverses the thiirane face while leaving remote stereocentres intact.

Maintenance of a relatively constant body temperature. It differs from the metabolic source of heat described by endothermy.

Dependence primarily on external heat sources for body-temperature regulation, without implying an inability to regulate temperature behaviourally.

Variation of body temperature across times or body regions. An endothermic animal need not maintain one constant temperature continuously.

Production of heat through metabolic processes.

The effective rate of heat transfer per body-to-environment temperature difference. Insulation, posture and perfusion can change it.

The dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit compares electrical conversion with thermal leakage in a material:Here $S$ is the Seebeck coefficient, $\sigma$ the electrical conductivity, $T$ the absolute temperature, and ${\kappa }_e,{\kappa }_l$ the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity. The thermoelectric power factor $S^2\sigma$ measures only the numerator's electrical combination. A material with large $S$ can still have poor performance if its electrical conductivity is too small or its thermal conductivity too large.^[ref]

For stipulated $S=200\mu \mathrm{V}{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$, $\sigma =10^5\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}$, $T=300\mathrm{K}$ and ${\kappa }_e+{\kappa }_l=1.5\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}{\mathrm{K}}^{-1}$, the calculated thermoelectric power factor is $0.004\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{m}}^{-1}{\mathrm{K}}^{-2}$ and $ZT=0.8$. Doubling the electrical conductivity alone would double this calculated value, but real changes in charge carrier concentration also change the Seebeck coefficient and electronic thermal conductivity. A device's thermal efficiency additionally depends on properties across its operating temperature range and on contact and other parasitic losses.

Thermal energy is a context-dependent name for the microscopic energy associated with a system's thermal state, rather than a separate conserved substance. The characteristic single-particle energy scale is $k_{B}T$, with Boltzmann constant $k_B$ and absolute temperature $T$. Comparing this scale with an excitation gap or energy barrier helps decide which microscopic processes are thermally accessible.

Under the classical equipartition theorem, each independent quadratic term in the Hamiltonian contributes $k_{B}T/2$ on average. Three translational terms therefore give $3k_{B}T/2$ per particle of a monatomic ideal gas. Quantum levels can invalidate that count: a degree of freedom with excitation spacing much larger than $k_{B}T$ can remain nearly frozen. A measured heat capacity tests how the stored internal energy changes with temperature; it does not simply count a fixed amount of heat stored in the sample.

Suppose a small volume change obeys $dV=-V_1{\kappa }_{T}dP+V_1\alpha dT$, with its displayed coefficients held constant. Work on the body is $\delta W=V_1{\kappa }_{T}PdP-V_1\alpha PdT$. Two rectangular pressure-temperature paths between the same endpoints differ by $W_a-W_b=V_1\alpha \Delta P\Delta T$, where path a changes temperature first. The straight interpolation samples the mean pressure during its temperature change, giving $W_c=(W_a+W_b)/2$. Variable material coefficients need not preserve that average relation.

Conversion of organized work into internal modes with macroscopic entropy production. Total energy remains conserved. For a passive linear material, the loss coefficient must give nonnegative supplied work over a completed cycle.

If a total observable has a nonzero extensive mean and its variance is proportional to particle number, its relative standard deviation falls as $N^{-1/2}$. Short-ranged correlations away from a critical point often justify this scaling. A vanishing mean, a shifted energy reference or anomalously large correlations requires separate treatment.

Progressive residual deformation over thermal cycles when thermal mismatch or constraints are accommodated irreversibly in a noncancelling way. plasticity, creep or damage may contribute; not every cyclic plastic response ratchets indefinitely.