Edited biography, originally in Les Prix Nobel and republished in Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921. Individual author unverified; Nobel Prize Outreach hosts the webpage.

Cited passages: life dates, physics appointments, and research.

Chapter authors: Tom H. Koornwinder, Roderick S. C. Wong, Roelof Koekoek, René F. Swarttouw, William P. Reinhardt. These are Chapter 18 credits in the edited NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. The National Institute of Standards and Technology issues and hosts the reference. No chapter publication date is established; version 1.2.8, released 15 September 2026, is an online reference release.

Chapter and author credits: dlmf.nist.gov/18

Cited section: §18.2(i), Orthogonality on Intervals: equation 18.2.1; §18.2(i), equation 18.2.1_5 and surrounding weight/moment hypotheses; Chapter 18 current five-person author byline.

Cited section: Table 18.3.1, Legendre row: (-1,1), unit weight, squared norm 2/(2n+1), leading coefficient; §18.3 paragraph introducing orthogonality and standardization; Chapter 18 author byline.

Section of NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. Chapter 3 author: Nico M. Temme, credited as N. M. Temme. National Institute of Standards and Technology issues and hosts the edited reference. The inspected online release is version 1.2.8, 15 September 2026; this is a site release date, not a section publication date. No separate subsection publication or revision date is established.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/3.5.ii

Chapter credit: dlmf.nist.gov/3

Full-name identity: dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/NMTemme

Cited passages: NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, §3.5(ii), equations 3.5.6–3.5.8.

Section of NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, Chapter 3, Numerical Methods, whose credited chapter author is Nico M. Temme (N. M. Temme on the chapter landing page). This credit concerns Chapter 3, not the whole edited collection. The National Institute of Standards and Technology issues and hosts the reference. No separate section publication or revision date is established.

Online text: dlmf.nist.gov/3.3

Chapter authorship: dlmf.nist.gov/3

Cited passages: NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, Chapter 3, §3.3 Interpolation: Chapter 3 landing page: N. M. Temme byline and acknowledgements distinguish author from contributors; §3.3(iii), equation 3.3.34: distinct-node base cases and recurrence; §3.3(iii), equation 3.3.35: explicit symmetric sum; §3.3(iv), equation 3.3.38 and following new-node update paragraph.

Function RAYPDF in NIST Dataplot Reference Manual, issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology; no individual byline is established. The page was created and last updated on 7 July 2004; June 2004 is the implementation date.

Official entry: itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/raypdf.htm

Cited passages: Description, including the location and scale convention; footer dates.

Entry in NIST Dataplot Reference Manual. The function name is PARPDF. Issued and hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology; no individual author is established from the contact address. The page gives both creation and last update as 23 August 2006; April 1994 is the function implementation date, not a publication date.

Official entry: www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/parpdf.htm

Cited passages: Description, standard density and the tail-length and lower-bound parameters; footer, creation and update dates. The optional software location and scale arguments are separate from these two parameters.

Species entry in NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69, published and hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. No personal entry author is credited. The displayed 2026 copyright year is distinct from an entry publication or revision date.

Online text: webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C877247

Cited passages: Formula C8H5KO4; Molecular weight 204.2212; CAS Registry Number 877-24-7; footer copyright.

Institutional handbook section issued by NIST and SEMATECH; no individual byline or section date is established.

Online text: www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/apr/section2/apr221.htm

Cited passages: §8.2.2.1, a) Exponential Model; Data points line up roughly on a straight line when the model chosen is reasonable.

Section of NIST and SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, issued and hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. No individual section byline or publication or revision date is established.

Official text: www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda366c.htm

Inspected locators: Probability Density Function; Cumulative Distribution Function; Common Statistics; Parameter Estimation.

Section of NIST and SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, issued and hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. No individual section byline or publication or revision date is established.

Official text: www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3664.htm

Inspected locators: Probability Density Function; Cauchy special case and normal limit; Common Statistics. The inspected page presents integer degrees of freedom.

Section of NIST and SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, issued and hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. No individual section author or section publication or revision date is established.

Official text: www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda352.htm

Inspected locators: confidence interval formula; interpretation of confidence intervals; normality assumption and population mean discussion.

After neutron capture on $(A,Z)$, the compound nucleus is $(A+1,Z)$. With negligible incoming kinetic energy, conservation of energy gives $E^{\ast }=M(A,Z)+m_n-M(A+1,Z)$ in natural units. This is the neutron separation energy of the compound nucleus. At finite incident energy, add the kinetic energy in the initial centre-of-momentum frame; in a nonrelativistic heavy-target approximation it is $A/(A+1)$ times the laboratory neutron kinetic energy. Nuclear pairing can significantly change capture excitation between neighboring even- and odd-mass targets.