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Awarded to Pierre-Gilles de Gennes for extending methods for studying ordering in simple systems to complex matter, especially liquid crystals and polymers.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1991 summary: sole laureate; ordering methods extended to liquid crystals and polymers.
Awarded to Georges Charpak for inventing and developing particle detectors, especially the multiwire proportional chamber.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Official 14 October 1992 award decision names Georges Charpak alone; invention and development of particle detectors, particularly the multiwire proportional chamber.
Awarded in equal shares to Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. for discovering a new type of pulsar that opened new possibilities for studying gravity.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1993 summary: equal halves; discovery of a new pulsar type enabling gravitation studies.
For pioneering neutron scattering techniques for studying condensed matter, Bertram Neville Brockhouse received one half for developing neutron spectroscopy, while Clifford Glenwood Shull received one half for developing neutron diffraction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1994 summary: equal halves; Brockhouse neutron spectroscopy and Shull neutron diffraction are distinct contributions.
For pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, one half went to Martin Lewis Perl for discovering the tau lepton; the other half went to Frederick Reines for detecting the neutrino.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1995 summary: equal halves; tau-lepton discovery versus neutrino detection.
Awarded in equal thirds to David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson for discovering superfluidity in helium-3.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1996 summary: three one-third shares; discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.
Awarded in equal thirds to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips for developing methods to cool and trap chemical atoms using lasers.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1997 summary: three one-third shares; methods for cooling and trapping atoms with laser light.
Awarded in equal thirds to Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui for discovering a new quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1998 summary: equal thirds; new quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
Awarded in equal shares to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J. G. Veltman for explaining the quantum field theory of electroweak interactions.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1999 summary: equal halves; quantum structure of electroweak interactions.
For foundational work in information and communication technology, Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer received one quarter each for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. Jack S. Kilby received one half for his part in inventing the integrated circuit.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2000 summary: Alferov and Kroemer one quarter each for semiconductor heterostructures; Kilby one half for integrated circuits.
Awarded in equal thirds to Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman for achieving Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute alkali atom gases and investigating the resulting condensates.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2001 summary: equal thirds; dilute alkali-gas condensation and early fundamental studies of condensate properties.
One quarter each went to Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba for pioneering astrophysics through detection of cosmic neutrinos. One half went to Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering astrophysics leading to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2002 summary: Davis and Koshiba one quarter each for cosmic neutrinos; Giacconi one half for cosmic X-ray sources.
Awarded in equal thirds to Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett for pioneering theoretical contributions to superconductors and superfluids.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2003 summary: equal thirds; theory of superconductors and superfluids.
Awarded in equal thirds to David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek for discovering asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2004 summary: Gross, Politzer and Wilczek one third each for asymptotic freedom in the strong interaction.
One half went to Roy J. Glauber for contributions to the quantum theory of optical coherence. One quarter each went to John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch for developing precision laser spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2005 summary: Glauber one half for quantum optical coherence; Hall and Hänsch one quarter each for laser-based precision spectroscopy including frequency combs.
Awarded in equal shares to John C. Mather and George F. Smoot for discovering the black-body radiation form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2006 summary: Mather and Smoot one half each; blackbody form and anisotropy of cosmic microwave background radiation.
Awarded in equal shares to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for discovering giant magnetoresistance.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2007 summary: Fert and Grünberg one half each for giant magnetoresistance.
One half went to Yoichiro Nambu for discovering the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in subatomic physics. One quarter each went to Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa for explaining broken symmetry through a mechanism requiring at least three families of quarks.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2008 summary: Nambu one half; Kobayashi and Maskawa one quarter each, with the two distinct symmetry-breaking contributions specified.
One half went to Charles Kuen Kao for breakthroughs in transmitting light through optical fibers for communication. One quarter each went to Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith for inventing the charge-coupled device imaging sensor.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 2009 summary: Kao one half for optical-fiber communication; Boyle and Smith one quarter each for the CCD imaging sensor.
Awarded in equal shares to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional material graphene.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Geim and Novoselov one half each; experiments on two-dimensional graphene.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact