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One half went to Saul Perlmutter, and one quarter each to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, for discovering the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Perlmutter one half; Schmidt and Riess one quarter each; cosmic acceleration from distant supernovae.
Awarded in equal shares to Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland for experimental methods enabling measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Haroche and Wineland one half each; measurement and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
Awarded in equal shares to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism explaining the origin of mass in subatomic particles, confirmed by discovery of the predicted particle in the ATLAS experiment and CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Englert and Higgs one half each; theoretical mass mechanism and its experimental confirmation.
Awarded in equal thirds to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for inventing efficient blue light-emitting diodes enabling bright, energy-saving white light sources.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura one third each; efficient blue LEDs enabling white lighting.
Awarded in equal shares to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for discovering neutrino oscillations, showing that neutrinos have mass.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Kajita and McDonald one half each; neutrino oscillations establish neutrino mass.
One half went to David J. Thouless, and one quarter each to F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, for theoretical discoveries concerning topological phase transitions and topological quantum matter.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Thouless one half; Haldane and Kosterlitz one quarter each for topological phase transitions and phases of matter.
One half went to Rainer Weiss, and one quarter each to Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne, for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and observation of gravitational waves.[ref]
Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Official 3 October 2017 award decision: Weiss one half, remaining half jointly to Barish and Thorne; their individual official facts records explicitly give one quarter each.
One half went to Arthur Ashkin for optical tweezers and their biological applications. One quarter each went to Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland for a method of generating intense, ultrashort optical pulses.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Ashkin one half for optical tweezers and biological applications; Mourou and Strickland one quarter each for intense ultrashort optical pulses.
One half went to James Peebles for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. One quarter each went to Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz for discovering an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Peebles one half for physical cosmology; Mayor and Queloz one quarter each for an exoplanet around a solar-type star.
One half went to Roger Penrose for showing that black hole formation is a robust prediction of general relativity. One quarter each went to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Penrose one half for robust relativistic black-hole formation; Genzel and Ghez one quarter each for the Galactic-centre compact object.
Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann each received one quarter for physical climate models quantifying variability and predicting global warming. Giorgio Parisi received one half for discovering how disorder and fluctuations interact in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales.[ref]
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/. Individual laureate entries, quarter/quarter/half shares and two distinct award contributions
Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger shared the award equally for experiments with entangled photons, violations of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.[ref]
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/summary/. Individual laureate entries, one-third shares and joint motivation
Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier shared the award equally for experimental methods generating attosecond light pulses to study electron dynamics in matter.[ref]
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/summary/. Individual laureate entries, one-third shares and joint motivation
John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton shared the award equally for foundational discoveries and inventions enabling machine learning with artificial neural networks.[ref]
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/summary/. Individual laureate entries, half shares and joint motivation
John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret and John M. Martinis shared the award equally for discovering macroscopic quantum tunnelling and quantized energy levels in an electric circuit.[ref]
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2025/summary/. Individual laureate entries, one-third shares and joint motivation
Francis Halzen received the full award for decisive contributions to IceCube and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical sources.[ref]
https://www.kva.se/en/news/the-nobel-prize-in-physics-2026/. 6 October 2026 announcement, award decision and motivation, lines 60–65
Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941 The Development of Quantum Mechanics by Werner Heisenberg by 
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Codex 0 2026-10-18Nobel lecture, 11 December 1933. Inspected reproduced text, pp. 291–292.
Institutionally compiled biography; no individual author established. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, pp. 90–91. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Institutional biography; no individual author established. Inspected Columbia collected-volume reproduction, p. 257. Webpage publication date unestablished.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact