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Awarded to Dennis Gabor for inventing and developing holography.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: sole laureate and holographic-method invention/development motivation.
Awarded in equal shares to John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, the BCS theory.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: all three laureates, equal one-third shares, joint superconductivity theory.
One half was shared by Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever for experimental discoveries of quantum tunnelling in semiconductors and superconductivity, respectively. The other half went to Brian D. Josephson for predicting supercurrents across a tunnel barrier and the Josephson effect.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Esaki and Giaever one-quarter each, Josephson one-half; experimental and theoretical motivations separately.
Awarded in equal shares to Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish for pioneering radio astrophysics: Ryle for observations and inventions, especially aperture synthesis, and Hewish for his decisive role in discovering pulsars.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: equal halves; Ryle aperture synthesis and Hewish decisive pulsar-discovery role distinguished.
Awarded in equal shares to Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater for connecting collective motion with individual-particle motion in atomic nuclei and developing a theory of nuclear structure from that connection.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Reproduced individual official 1975 record: CERN-hosted slide 8 gives all three full names and one-third shares; IN2P3-hosted slide reproduces full individual official motivation and its canonical URL.
Awarded in equal shares to Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting for pioneering work discovering a new kind of heavy elementary particle.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: equal halves for pioneering discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind.
Awarded in equal shares to Philip Warren Anderson, Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck Van Vleck for theoretical investigations of electronic structure in magnetic and disordered systems.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Three individual official laureate records: each one-third, same electronic-structure/magnetic/disordered-system motivation.
One half went to Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitza for inventions and discoveries in low-temperature physics. Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson received one quarter each for discovering the cosmic microwave background.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: Kapitza one-half for low-temperature work; Penzias and Wilson one-quarter each for cosmic microwave background discovery.
Awarded in equal shares to Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg for contributions to unified weak interactions and electromagnetic interactions, including the prediction of the neutral current.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official summary: three equal thirds; unified weak and electromagnetic interactions and predicted neutral current.
Awarded in equal shares to James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch for discovering violations of fundamental symmetry principles in neutral kaon decay.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1980 summary: equal halves; fundamental symmetry violations in neutral K-meson decay.
Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow received one quarter each for developing laser spectroscopy. Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn received one half for developing high-resolution electron spectroscopy.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual 1981 record reproduced in laser-physics lecture slides: Bloembergen and Schawlow one-quarter each, laser spectroscopy; Siegbahn one-half, electron spectroscopy. Official individual Siegbahn facts independently confirms his half and distinct motivation.
Awarded to Kenneth Geddes Wilson for his theory of critical phenomena associated with phase transitions.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1982 summary: sole laureate, theory of critical phenomena and phase transitions; official summary uses Kenneth G. Wilson, expanded name verified separately in worker professional metadata.
One half went to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar for theoretical studies of processes governing stellar structure and evolution. The other half went to William Alfred Fowler for theoretical and experimental studies of nuclear reactions involved in forming the chemical elements in the universe.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1983 summary: equal halves; stellar structure/evolution and nuclear reactions forming chemical elements are distinct motivations.
Awarded in equal shares to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for decisive contributions to the project that discovered the and particles mediating the weak interaction.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1984 summary: equal halves; decisive contributions to the project discovering W and Z, communicators of weak interaction.
Awarded to Klaus von Klitzing for discovering the quantum Hall effect.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1985 summary: sole laureate, quantized Hall-effect discovery.
Ernst Ruska received one half for fundamental work in electron optics and designing the first electron microscope. Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer received one quarter each for designing the scanning tunneling microscope.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1986 summary: Ruska one half for electron optics and the first electron microscope; Binnig and Rohrer one quarter each for scanning tunneling microscopy.
Awarded in equal shares to Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller for the breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1987 summary: equal halves; breakthrough discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials.
Awarded in equal thirds to Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger for the neutrino-beam method and demonstrating the doublet structure of leptons through discovery of the muon neutrino.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Official Steinberger facts: one-third share, three named laureates and neutrino-beam/lepton-doublet motivation; the equal three-person partition follows from the official Nobel Foundation rule.
Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. received one half for inventing the separated oscillatory fields method and applying it to the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks. Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul received one quarter each for developing ion trap techniques.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1989 summary: Ramsey one half, Dehmelt and Paul one quarter each; separated fields and clocks versus ion trapping.
Awarded in equal thirds to Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall and Richard Edward Taylor for investigations of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from protons and bound neutrons, essential to developing the quark model.[ref]
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 by Nobel Prize Outreach. Individual official 1990 summary: three one-third shares; deep inelastic electron scattering from protons and bound neutrons and its importance to the quark model.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact