Online text: periodic-table.rsc.org/element/17/chlorine

Cited passages: Atomic data: first ionisation energy 1251.186 kJ/mol, electron affinity 348.575 kJ/mol; Chlorine, Atomic data: electronegativity (Pauling scale) 3.16.

Online text: periodic-table.rsc.org/element/1/hydrogen

Cited passages: Atomic data: first ionisation energy 1312.05 kJ/mol, electron affinity 72.769 kJ/mol; Hydrogen, Atomic data: electronegativity (Pauling scale) 2.20.

A founder is an individual whose parents are outside the recorded pedigree. The standard pedigree likelihood assigns unrelated founders independent genotype distributions based on biological population allele or haplotype frequencies. If founders are related, their joint prior must instead account for that relationship.

For latent genotypes $G_i$ and observed phenotypes $X_i$, assume conditional phenotype independence, independent founder genotypes, and conditionally independent Mendelian transmissions. The likelihood function isThis follows by the chain rule applied to the acyclic ancestry graph, then the law of total probability over all latent genotypes. Penetrance supplies the phenotype factors and genetic recombination supplies multilocus transmission factors.

Full siblings share both parents. With unrelated, noninbred founders in a pedigree, the two parental contributions give independent opportunities for identity by descent.

// Target: biology.bigb

First cousins are children of full siblings. An otherwise outbred first-cousin pair shares two noninbred grandparents and has kinship coefficient $1/16$.

// Target: biology.bigb

For calculations of identity by descent, an outbred pedigree has unrelated, noninbred founders in a pedigree, and no additional ancestral relationships beyond those explicitly specified. Founder gene copies are treated as distinct ancestral copies even if they have identity by state.

// Target: biology.bigb