List of Nobel Prizes in Physics

This was the most obscene Nobel Prize of all time. They were completely swept away by the AI boom, and gave this ridiculous prize completely unrelated to Physics.

Official announcement: www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/summary/

This one took a while! Major developments were from the 70s! Perhaps it took the Internet revolution to make its importance clear.

For Fractional quantum Hall effect for $\nu =1/m$.

This was so hot (no pun intended) and reproducible that the prize was awarded one year after discovery. Quite rare in those days already.

As described at Section "Radio astronomy", this new type of telescope led to the exciting discovery of new types of astronomical objects, notably pulsars and quasars.

To Brian Josephson for the prediction of the Josephson effect.

The key initial quantum electrodynamics experiments:

Nuclear magnetic resonance work:

Early electron diffraction experiment from 1927 that drastically confirmed the matter wave hypothesis.

Discovery of:

To Ernest Lawrence for the cyclotron.

Atomic theory.

Niels Bohr for the Bohr model.

Einstein for the theoretical explanation of the photoelectric effect from 1905, notably published as on a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905).

Jointly awarded to Bragg Junior and Senior. Junior was only 25 at the time, the youngest ever STEM nobel prize laureate as of 2024, and given that science is getting harder nad harder, this is not likely to change ever.

Part of what they did was to determine the structure of a bunch of rocks. These must have been every exciting times, to be able for the first time to have direct evidence of the molecular composition of materials.

Not only did this open the way for X-ray crystallography, it more fundamentally clarified the nature of X-rays as being electromagnetic radiation, and helped further establish the atomic theory.

Pieter Zeeman for the Zeeman effect.