Official announcement: www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/summary/
This one took a while! Major developments were from the 70s! Perhaps it took the Internet revolution to make its importance clear.
This was so hot (no pun intended) and reproducible that the prize was awarded one year after discovery. Quite rare in those days already.
To Brian Josephson for the prediction of the Josephson effect.
The key initial quantum electrodynamics experiments:
Early electron diffraction experiment from 1927 that drastically confirmed the matter wave hypothesis.
Discovery of:
- the positron by Carl David Anderson
- he cosmic rays by Victor Francis Hess
To Ernest Lawrence for the cyclotron.
Niels Bohr for the Bohr model.
Einstein for the theoretical explanation of the photoelectric effect from 1905, notably published as on a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905).
Not only did this open the way for X-ray crystallography, it more fundamentally clarified the nature of X-rays as being electromagnetic radiation, and helped further establish the atomic theory.
Pieter Zeeman for the Zeeman effect.