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Emplastrum Cantharidis is a cantharides-containing blistering plaster. The supporting mass and active plant-derived or animal-derived material must be distinguished.^[ref]

Linimentum Cantharidis is a cantharides-containing liniment. Its external liquid form is distinct from a cantharides ointment.^[ref]

Emplastrum Calefaciens is a historical warming plaster containing irritant medicinal ingredients. The named sensory effect does not by itself establish benefit for an underlying disease.^[ref]

Unguentum Cantharidis is a cantharides-containing ointment. Its semisolid vehicle distinguishes the preparation from a tincture or plaster.^[ref]

Liquor Epispasticus is a historical blistering liquid containing cantharides-derived material. The vesicant effect is a local tissue response, distinct from a general claim of therapeutic benefit.^[ref]

An opportunistic fungal infection of the oral mucosa, historically called Muguet. White plaques are distinct from an aphthous ulcer.

Candida albicans is a fungus capable of growth in yeast and filamentous forms. It can inhabit host-associated environments and can cause candidiasis; finding the organism and establishing its role in a tissue lesion are distinct questions.

Infer an unknown heat capacity by thermal contact with a calibrated receiver and a measured common final temperature. The energy lost by hotter components equals the energy gained by colder components, with the calorimeter and surrounding heat transfer included. For appreciably varying heat capacities, use temperature integrals rather than constant $mc\Delta T$ terms.

Use measured electrical energy input to calibrate or infer a thermal response. A heater's terminal electric potential difference and electric current determine the supplied energy; receiver heat capacity and losses must also be accounted for.

Rumford's cannon-boring experiment tested whether frictional heating could be explained as release of a finite store of caloric. In his 1798 paper, Count Rumford describes rotating gun-metal against a borer while enclosing the heated cylinder in a water-filled wooden box. In Experiment No. 3, the cylinder turned at about $32$ revolutions per minute, and the surrounding water boiled after $2$ hours $30$ minutes.^[ref]

A separate control compared hot metal chips with thin strips cut from the same metal. Mixing equal masses into equal quantities of cold water gave nearly equal final temperatures, challenging an explanation based on a large change in specific heat capacity during cutting.^[ref] Continued mechanical input, rather than depletion of an evident material heat store, was the striking result. A modern quantitative energy balance must also include warming of the apparatus, environmental losses and measured mechanical work; boiling by itself does not determine an exact mechanical equivalent of heat.

A calcium salt of bilirubin, important among the components of pigment gallstones.

A clear aqueous chemical solution of calcium hydroxide. Carbon dioxide can form a cloudy calcium carbonate precipitate in it.

Calcium hydroxide prepared by hydrating calcium oxide.

Chalk is a fine-grained carbonate sedimentary rock composed largely of calcium carbonate, commonly from microscopic biological remains. It is a geological material rather than a guarantee of chemically pure laboratory calcium carbonate.

Its porosity and small particles influence how it absorbs liquid, crumbles, and reacts with acid. Manufactured classroom writing sticks can have different compositions, so the everyday name does not always identify the same material.

A program-directed hint to fetch a cache line early. A useful nonblocking hint produces no destination processor register value and allows execution to continue before the transfer completes. Fault and dropping behavior depend on the specified instruction contract.

The deprotonated counterpart of butyric acid.

The prepatellar bursa lies superficial to the patella, allowing skin and deeper tissues to move relative to one another. It is outside the main knee-joint cavity. Fluid in this bursa therefore has a different anatomical location from a joint effusion.

An infrapatellar bursa is a bursal space near the patellar ligament. Superficial and deep locations distinguish relationships to the skin and tibia. Naming the particular compartment matters because these nearby sacs do not constitute one continuous joint cavity.

Suppose a finite group acts on two finite position sets $A$ and $B$. Color the first set using $r$ colors and the second using $s$ colors, with both colorings moved by the same group element. If $c_A(g)$ and $c_B(g)$ are the cycle counts of its two induced permutations, the number of simultaneous colorings fixed by $g$ is $r^{c_A(g)}{s}^{c_B(g)}$: each cycle must be monochromatic, and different cycles can be colored independently. Burnside's lemma therefore givesfor the number of orbits. When the two position actions are equivariantly identified, this simplifies to the usual coloring count with $rs$ combined colors. For example, a tetrahedron's face is paired with its opposite vertex, and this pairing commutes with every symmetry.

Pair a tetrahedron vertex with its opposite face. This is an equivariant correspondence under all tetrahedral symmetries, so three face colors and two vertex colors become six combined symbols at each of four positions. Burnside's lemma on the alternating group $A_4$ gives $(6^4+3\cdot 6^2+8\cdot 6^2)/12=141$. Including reflections gives $S_4$ and reduces the count to multisets of four symbols from six, namely $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{9}{4}\right)=126$.