Chromatographic stationary phase Created 2026-10-14 Updated 2026-10-18
The chromatographic stationary phase remains in place during separation. A porous packing in size-exclusion chromatography supplies internal liquid regions with size-dependent accessibility; ideal separation requires no adsorption of the solute to the packing.
A chromatographic stationary phase may instead expose a solid surface for adsorption, or retain an immobilized liquid into which solutes partition. In ordinary silica gel thin-layer chromatography, interactions with the surface delay migration. This mechanism differs from ideal SEC pore access.
Chromatographic mobile phase Created 2026-10-14 Updated 2026-10-20
The chromatographic mobile phase carries solutes through the apparatus. In liquid chromatography it is a liquid solvent or chemical solution.
The eluent is the supplied chromatographic mobile phase. Its composition can alter both solute solubility and competition for adsorption sites, so changing the eluent can change retention even with the same chromatographic stationary phase.
Carbon Captured Chalk by Tony Butterfield 2026-10-14
By Anthony E. Butterfield, credited as Tony Butterfield.
Teaching module hosted by the University of Utah Department of Chemical Engineering and developed through the NSF Research Coordination Network on CCUS. The byline credits Alissa Park with the precursor module, rather than coauthorship of this adaptation. No publication date is stated.[ref]
https://www.che.utah.edu/teaching_module/carbon-captured-chalk/. Byline and Bibliography: Tony Butterfield; precursor OSCAR teaching module by Alissa Park
Volumetric Flask: Mixing the Solution in a Volumetric Flask (Wisconsin chemistry teaching module) 2026-10-14
Web host: University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Chemistry website. No personal author, institutional issuer or publication date is identified in the inspected module. The text explains the homogeneity requirement; no measured concentration readings are supplied.
Cited passages: Opening explanatory paragraph: neck liquid may differ from bulk concentration; Final sentence: neck solution must have same concentration as remainder.
Web host: University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Chemistry website. No personal author, institutional issuer or publication date is identified in the inspected module. The text and image caption were inspected; embedded video playback is not claimed.
Cited passages: Final three paragraphs: room temperature, calibration temperature, no stirring bar during filling; Final paragraph and image caption: eye-level meniscus and calibration mark.
Web host: University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Chemistry website. No personal author, institutional issuer or publication date is identified in the inspected module. The text and self-check explanation were inspected; embedded video playback is not claimed.
Cited passages: Transfer paragraph: dissolved sample plus solvent rinsings; Self-check explanation: incomplete dissolution and transfer reduce actual molarity.
Online text: staff.buffalostate.edu/nazareay/che301/l1.pdf
Web host: Buffalo State institutional staff website. The inspected handout does not identify a personal author or an institutional issuer; hosting does not establish authorship. No publication date is established.
Cited passages: p. 1: flask weighing principle, Calibrating 25 mL pipette, correct use and eye-level meniscus; p. 2: independent balance/thermometer checks, dissolved-air limitation, clean and freely draining pipette; pp. 2–3: Calibration Procedure steps 1–8, ten weighings, initial/final temperature, mean and standard deviation.
Online text: www.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/910443/Chemical_Demonstration_Booklet_Interactive_Final_14.2.21.pdf
The cover credits Magdalena Wajrak and Tim Harrison as preparers and prints 2021. Edith Cowan University hosts the booklet; the two preparer credits apply to the whole booklet.
Absorption lineshapes by Andrei Tokmakoff 2026-10-14
By Andrei Tokmakoff.
Authored lecture 6 notes explicitly credit Andrei Tokmakoff and are dated 25 February 2009. Distributed in MIT 5.74, Introductory Quantum Mechanics II, Spring 2009; authorship is credited to these notes rather than to every resource in the course.
Cited passages: Andrei Tokmakoff, §6.2, printed pp. 6-7–6-8, equations (6.40)–(6.44): induced dipole, polarizability tensor and rotational Raman response; Andrei Tokmakoff, §§6.1–6.2, printed pp. 6-2–6-6, equations (6.8)–(6.10), (6.27)–(6.29): population difference and rotational dipole matrix elements.
Collection of sources; individual chapter authors and dates are recorded below.
By Delmar S. Larsen.
Published in UCD Chem 110A: Physical Chemistry I, Lectures.
This particular lecture page is credited as authored, remixed, and/or curated by Delmar Larsen. This is not a claim of authorship of all materials in UCD Chem 110A. The last-modified timestamp is 7 November 2022, not an original publication date.
Cited passages: Lecture 14, introductory recap and infrared-activity section: dipole change and adjacent-level selection; Lecture 14, introductory recap: dipole-change criterion; the identical-nuclei case follows here by symmetry; Lecture 14, overtone section, Table 1 and following potential-expansion discussion.
Publisher: University of Florida, Department of Physics.
This source is credited to an organization.
Institutionally issued PHY4803L advanced-physics laboratory protocol. Its footer is dated 28 October 2024 without identifying this as first publication or revision. No individual byline is verified.
Cited passages: printed pp. 1 and 3, electronic motion; p. 12, Comprehension Question 2: common isotope potential and inferred spring constants; printed pp. 10–12: Measurements, Preliminary Analysis and Data Analysis, including matched scans, excessive absorption, isotope assignments and fitted band origin.
Optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules in a solid by W. E. Moerner and L. Kador 2026-10-14
Publisher: American Physical Society.
Published in Physical Review Letters.
Online text: journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.2535
Issued by Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.
Publisher: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.
This source is credited to an organization.
Online text: www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/mole
Cited passages: SI base unit: mole, definition and the requirement to specify the elementary entity.
Publisher: Chemistry LibreTexts.
This source is credited to an organization.
The page credits Santa Monica College and carries a last-modified timestamp of 27 February 2026. The date is an update rather than a first-publication year.
By Andrew Coffey.
Publisher: Agilent Technologies UK Ltd..
Published in HPLC 2013, poster 901.
Online text: www.agilent.com/Library/posters/Public/2013_HPLC_Andrew_Coffey_SEC_Detector_combinations.pdf
Cited passages: Andrew Coffey, Size Exclusion Chromatography of Biomolecules – Detector Combinations to Obtain Maximum Information with Minimum Effort, HPLC 2013, poster 901: Experimental; Figures 3–7; Table 1.
By Sonja Schneider.
Publisher: Agilent Technologies.
Cited passages: Sonja Schneider, Determination of Protein Molecular Weight and Size Using the Agilent 1260 Infinity Multi-Detector Bio-SEC Solution with Advanced Light Scattering Detection, 5991-3955EN, printed pp. 2–4: apparatus, Table 1, Figure 2 and Table 3.
By GE Healthcare.
Publisher: GE Healthcare.
This source is credited to an organization.
The inspected handbook carries a copyright range ending in 2018, rather than a separately verified publication date.
Cited passages: GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed p. 16, Figure 1.8: Kav uses Vc, not Vt; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed pp. 15–16: concentration-ratio definition and Kd limits; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, printed pp. 17–18, Figures 1.9–1.10: selectivity curves, fractionation and exclusion limits; GE Healthcare, Size Exclusion Chromatography: Principles and Methods, revision 18102218 AM, printed pp. 15–16, Figure 1.7: liquid, pore and geometric volumes.
By G. P. Moss.
Publisher: IUPAC.
Go Direct Polarimeter User Manual by Vernier Created 2026-10-14 Updated 2026-10-18
By Vernier.
Publisher: Vernier.
This source is credited to an organization.
Online text: www.vernier.com/manuals/gdx-pol
Cited passages: Go Direct Polarimeter User Manual, Using the Product steps 2–4; Specifications; How the Sensor Works; Go Direct Polarimeter User Manual, cosine-squared fit in Using the Product; Specifications; Troubleshooting.
Additional inspected URL: Using the Product, steps 2–4 and cosine-squared fitting; Specifications; How the Sensor Works; Troubleshooting. This trailing-slash URL identifies the existing manual; no second work or publication date is inferred.
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