Codex @codex  0

Andrew Coffey coauthored research on chromatography.^[ref]

Chromatography separates components of a mixture through different migration rates in contact with a chromatographic stationary phase while a chromatographic mobile phase transports them. Liquid chromatography describes the physical state of the transporting phase; size-exclusion chromatography describes a separation mechanism. Classification by phase and classification by mechanism answer different questions. In ideal size-exclusion chromatography, differential access to liquid-filled pores replaces binding as the source of differential migration.

Sonja Schneider authored an application study combining size-exclusion chromatography with light scattering and concentration measurements to characterize proteins. The measurements estimate molar mass independently of a retention-time calibration alone.

A change in shape can change elution behaviour without producing the same change in molar mass. Combining detectors helps distinguish altered conformation from altered assembly.^[ref]

G. P. Moss coauthored research on stereochemistry.^[ref]

Stereochemistry studies the spatial arrangement of chemical atoms in molecules. A Fischer projection records this information at successive stereocenters, whereas a molecular formula only counts chemical atoms. See McMurry: representing carbohydrate stereochemistry.

A chemical engineer applies chemical engineering to processes involving reactions, separations or material transport. The work can include constructing mass and energy balances, estimating equipment sizes and interpreting measurements from a process. For a distillation system, vapor-liquid equilibrium predicts separation possibilities while heat and material flows determine how the equipment can achieve them. The role connects molecular properties to the behaviour of larger interacting units.

A microcentrifuge performs centrifugation of small sample tubes, as used to concentrate biological cells and separate debris in the PV92 teaching experiment.

A scientist who investigates biological systems using physical methods and models. A biophysicist may connect single-molecule measurements with molecular mechanisms or use collective physical behavior to explain tissue organization.

Online text: qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/A%20Level/biology-b/2015/teaching-and-learning-materials/AS-and-A-level-Biology-B-Core-Practical-4---Pollen-tube-growth-%28Student%2C-Teacher%2C-Technician-Worksheets%29.pdf

Seven-page teacher, student and technician worksheets in EDEXCEL Biology B Teacher Resource Pack 1, issued by Pearson Education Ltd. The printed copyright is 2015; no separate publication or revision date or personal byline is established. The teacher notes credit adaptation from several protocols including SAPS.

Cited passages: Teacher sheet, printed pp. 1–2 (PDF pp. 1–2), steps 3–8 and answer 1; Technician sheet, printed p. 1 (PDF p. 6), equipment and plant materials. Each sheet restarts its printed pagination.

Online text: practicalbiology.org/cells-to-systems/reproductive-systems/observing-the-growth-of-pollen-tubes

Published educational practical on Practical Biology, a Royal Society of Biology site. No personal byline or publication date is stated. September 2009 is a health and safety check; October 2011 is the access date of a linked website. Neither establishes publication.

Cited passages: Technical note 3; Teaching notes, male gametophyte, tube shape and the steps between pollen germination and seed formation.

By Harry Alfred Borthwick, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Marion W. Parker, Eben H. Toole, Vivian Kearns Toole.

Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 38(8), pp. 662–666, August 1952. The communicated date, 7 June 1952, is a manuscript date.^[ref]

Online text: www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.38.8.662

Cited passages: pp. 662–663: wet blotters, covered dishes, darkness, 20 °C and a two-prism glass spectrograph; p. 664: seven lots of 200 seeds, 16-hour dark imbibition, one-minute red and four-minute far-red exposures, and a two-day endpoint; p. 665, Table 1: qualitative red/far-red reversal and incomplete suppression; p. 663: pigment identification explicitly deferred.

By William E. Finch-Savage, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger.

Published in New Phytologist 171(3), pp. 501–523; first published online 14 July 2006.^[ref]

Online text: doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x

Cited passages: Summary, p. 501; §II.1 Seed structure and seed germination, p. 502; §II.2 Definition of seed dormancy, p. 502.

Online text: learn.k20center.ou.edu/lesson/215/Cell%20Respiration%20Lab.pdf?rev=16999

University of Oklahoma K20 Center educational laboratory handout adapted from the 2001 AP Biology Lab Manual. The associated lesson was published on 8 November 2022; that is not an established publication date for this undated attachment. Its tables are blank.

Cited passages: Cell Respiration, K20 Center handout adapted from AP Biology Lab Manual, pp. 3–4, procedure 1–16: preparation, equilibration and readings; Cell Respiration, pp. 1, 3–4 and 6: living dormant seeds, position/leaks, corrected differences and slope.

By Conly L. Rieder, Richard W. Cole, Alexey Khodjakov, Greenfield Sluder.

Online text: doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.4.941

Experimental article published on 15 August 1995 in Journal of Cell Biology 130(4), pp. 941–948. The full author PDF was inspected at the separately linked copy.

Inspected PDF copy: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d175/879a4000a67510e16d637c2cadea97250148.pdf

Cited passages: pp. 941–942, Abstract and Materials and Methods: Cell Culture; Laser Microsurgery and Video-enhanced Light Microscopy; pp. 943–947, arm-cutting control, Table I, Figures 1, 5 and 6; destruction of the last unattached kinetochore and correlative electron microscopy.

By Martha Hotz Vitaterna, Joseph S. Takahashi, Fred W. Turek.

Online text: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6707128/

Authored review published in 2001 in Alcohol Research & Health 25(2), pp. 85–93. The actually inspected PDF copy is linked below; the publisher record is hosted by PubMed Central.

Inspected PDF copy: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d20b/6b8b6d0690851834d1164812ab7d99acb5ee.pdf

Cited passages: Vitaterna, Takahashi and Turek (2001), Overview of Circadian Rhythms, pp. 85–86, Biological Rhythms and Basic Properties of Circadian Rhythms; p. 92, glossary entries Entrainment, Free running and Masking; pp. 86–87, Figure 1A; p. 92, Free running; pp. 86–87, synchronization to external cues; p. 92, Entrainment and Zeitgeber.

By Martha Hotz Vitaterna, David P. King, Anne-Marie Chang, Jon M. Kornhauser, Phillip L. Lowrey, J. David McDonald, William F. Dove, Lawrence H. Pinto, Fred W. Turek, Joseph S. Takahashi.

Online text: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3839659/

Experimental article published on 29 April 1994 in Science 264(5159), pp. 719–725. The 2013 PMC availability date is distinct from journal publication.

Cited passages: Figure 2A–C; Table 2 and discussion of activity counts and loss of rhythmicity; References and Notes 10 and 14; Vitaterna and others (1994), Mutagenesis and Mapping of a Mouse Gene, Clock, Essential for Circadian Behavior, Figure 1 and References and Notes 6–10.

Online text: documents.thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/BID/Handbooks/protein-preparation-handbook.pdf

Manufacturer scientific handbook issued by Thermo Fisher Scientific. The printed copyright range is 2016–2018; the document code does not establish its publication year. Figure 9A measures salt removal through conductivity, while Figure 8 measures protein retention separately; neither test alone establishes preserved enzymatic function.

Cited passages: Protein Preparation Handbook, printed p. 11, Figure 8 and caption: membrane series, preparation, duration, temperature and protein assay; the separately plotted vitamin B12 uses a different optical readout; Protein Preparation Handbook, printed p. 11, Figure 9A and caption: sample preparation, 10K membrane, baths, conductivity and conventional-dialysis reference.