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B. C. Wilson coauthored the early time-resolved tissue-optics paper with M. S. Patterson and Britton Chance, connecting pulsed measurements to a model of radiative transfer in tissue.^[ref] Brian Wilson's institutional research account describes subsequent work on optical diagnosis, image-guided interventions and light-activated treatments.^[ref]

An illuminating distinction is between detecting light and knowing where it originated. A fluorescence signal collected through tissue depends on excitation delivery, emission production, light scattering and absorption along the return path. Quantitative interpretation must therefore connect the instrument's signal with transport through the sample, rather than equating detector brightness directly with the amount of a fluorescent substance.

Britton Chance coauthored measurements of oxygen utilization during oxidative phosphorylation. Time-dependent oxygen signals reveal how respiration responds to changes in the available substrates and phosphorylation conditions.

The apparatus must separate genuine oxygen consumption from oxygen ingress and instrumental response. Such controls connect a measured signal slope with a physiological flux.^[ref]

Identity and biography: archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/britton-chance/

A diffuse photon time-of-flight experiment measures the distribution of delays experienced by light traversing a scattering sample. A short-pulse source illuminates the sample; a reference timing signal starts the clock, and a fast photodetector records returning or transmitted photons. Time-correlated single-photon counting accumulates their delays over repeated pulses into a histogram.^[ref]

A useful laboratory comparison keeps the source-detector geometry fixed while changing sample thickness or scattering strength. The apparatus needs a defined optical path, a sample holder and the same detection/timing chain for a reference instrument response function. Longer, repeatedly scattered paths broaden the arrival distribution; absorption changes which paths survive to be detected.

Let $r(t)$ denote the sample's optical impulse response in the chosen geometry and $h(t)$ the normalized instrument response function. A simple model for the expected count-rate trace iswhere $\ast$ denotes convolution, $A$ sets the signal scale and $b(t)$ represents background counts. Fitting a transport model after including $h$ separates sample broadening from instrumental timing spread. A model for an infinite medium cannot simply be substituted for a finite slab's boundary-dependent detector response.

M. S. Patterson, Britton Chance and B. C. Wilson developed analytic slab responses and compared them with preliminary measurements and Monte Carlo simulations in 1989.^[ref] The shape of the delay distribution provides information beyond total transmitted intensity.

The counting electronics also matter: if only the first arrival in each pulse period is recorded, multiple arrivals bias the sample toward earlier times. This photon pile-up must be represented or suppressed by the acquisition conditions, rather than mistaken for faster propagation.^[ref]

G. R. Williams coauthored kinetic measurements of oxygen utilization with Britton Chance. The work relates the time course of mitochondrial respiration to the conditions controlling oxidative phosphorylation.

A bulk oxygen concentration records the balance of consumption and exchange with the environment. Interpreting its slope therefore requires both biochemical and instrumental controls.^[ref]

G. R. Williams coauthored research on oxidative phosphorylation with Britton Chance.

Publication record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13271402/

In Respiratory enzymes in oxidative phosphorylation. I. Kinetics of oxygen utilization (1955), Britton Chance and G. R. Williams examined isolated liver mitochondria in isotonic medium with substrate and inorganic phosphate. A one-millilitre optical cuvette held the suspension. A vibrating platinum electrode lay outside the light path; calibrated electric current followed dissolved oxygen, with rapid changes recorded by a galvanometer oscillograph. Air-saturated and oxygen-depleted readings checked sensitivity. Their Figure 2 shows ADP additions accelerating oxygen consumption, followed by return to slow respiration; repeated additions restored acceleration. Figure 4B compares delayed substrate addition after ADP incubation with the reverse order, supporting little unrelated ADP loss in that preparation. These comparisons support coupling to ADP utilization. The authors discuss dilution, sensitivity changes and atmospheric oxygen entry, which especially biases slow respiration. The readout did not directly measure the membrane potential or prove the later chemiosmosis mechanism.^[ref]

A control can test either the instrument or the biology. Calibrating electric current against oxygen checks the former; comparing responses before and after an ADP addition checks the latter. A valid calibration cannot by itself establish ATP formation, and a repeatable biological response cannot by itself fix an instrument's sensitivity.

First author: Britton Chance.

Primary source: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC349120/

Relevant passages: pp. 6714–6718, gated spectra during controlled exercise.

M. S. Patterson coauthored the 1989 time-resolved tissue-optics study with Britton Chance and B. C. Wilson. It used picosecond light pulses and a diffusion approximation to infer optical properties from the time dependence of transmitted or backscattered light, comparing the model with preliminary measurements and Monte Carlo simulations.^[ref]

The measurement separates effects that an overall brightness reading can mix together. Repeated light scattering lengthens photon paths and broadens the arrival-time distribution, while absorption suppresses photons along those paths. A pulsed source, a sample and a time-sensitive detector therefore provide more information than a single steady illumination measurement. Inferring coefficients still depends on the geometry and the validity of the transport approximation; pulse timing does not remove the need for a physical model.

Photon diffusion approximates the spreading of radiation after many scattering events have largely randomized propagation directions. Individual photons travel along paths; their distribution can obey a diffusion equation on scales much larger than a transport mean free path. The longer arrival times arise from longer, repeatedly redirected paths.

For homogeneous, conservative isotropic scattering, the photon diffusion coefficient for isotropic scattering is $D=v\ell /3$, where $v$ is the transport speed and $\ell$ the scattering mean free path. Directional persistence replaces that scale by a transport mean free path in an appropriate transport model. Crossing a characteristic thickness $L$ then takes a time of order $L^2/D$, with geometry-dependent factors, which can greatly exceed the direct travel time $L/v$.

A diffuse photon time-of-flight experiment sends a short pulse into a scattering sample and measures the delayed transmitted or returning light. A pulsed source, a fast photodetector and time-correlated single-photon counting can build an arrival-time histogram from repeated pulses. The detector's timing response must be accounted for before attributing all measured broadening to the sample.^[ref]

The 1989 study by M. S. Patterson, Britton Chance and B. C. Wilson used a slab diffusion model to relate picosecond-pulse reflectance and transmittance to absorption and scattering, comparing predictions with preliminary measurements and Monte Carlo simulations.^[ref] The earliest nearly unscattered light, nearby boundaries and strongly directional transport can require a fuller radiative transfer description.

By Britton Chance and G. R. Williams. Journal of Biological Chemistry, volume 217, issue 1, pp. 383–393, November 1955. Received for publication 12 January 1955.

DOI: doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57189-7

Primary article text inspected on a mirror: www.researchgate.net/publication/348295119_RESPIRATORY_ENZYMES_IN_OXIDATIVE_PHOSPHORYLATION

Bibliographic record: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13271402/

The authors’ printed affiliation is the Johnson Research Foundation, University of Pennsylvania. ResearchGate hosts the inspected copy; it is not the author or original publication venue.

Cited passages: Preparations and Method, pp. 383–385 and Figure 1; Figure 2 and caption, pp. 385–386; p. 386, sensitivity and oxygen-ingress cautions; Endogenous Substrate and Figure 4B, pp. 387–388; Figure 5, pp. 389–390. Isolation details referred to Paper II were not inspected.