CRISPR genome editing

Targeted alteration of a genome using a guide-directed CRISPR system. Independent targeting reagents, verification of the resulting alleles and functional rescue help distinguish an intended effect from unrelated damage.

Sequence-targeted fluorescent localization of chromosomal sites using a nuclease-inactive targeting system. Colocalization with a protein is evidence of shared location, not necessarily direct molecular contact.

A guide-directed bacterial DNA-recognition and cleavage system. Catalytically inactive dCas9 retains targeting functions used in imaging and transcriptional regulation.

Guide-directed recruitment of transcriptional activation machinery to increase endogenous gene expression. Unlike a promoter-replacing knock-in, it need not change the target sequence.

Guide-directed reduction of gene expression using nuclease-inactive DNA targeting. In mammalian cells, dCas9 fused to a repressor can reduce transcription without requiring a DNA break.

A guide-directed DNA nuclease. Target recognition depends on a guide RNA and an appropriate protospacer adjacent motif; cleavage is followed by cellular repair, so cleavage alone does not specify the final allele.

A catalytically inactive form of Cas9 retaining guide-directed DNA binding. Recruitment of regulatory domains makes it a platform for CRISPR interference and CRISPR activation.

A short target-adjacent DNA motif recognized by a CRISPR-associated nuclease. The motif requirement depends on the nuclease; the commonly used Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes recognizes NGG.

An RNA molecule whose complementary sequence directs a targeting complex to a nucleic-acid sequence. In CRISPR genome editing, guide complementarity and a compatible protospacer adjacent motif jointly constrain targeting.