Historical study of medicine ideas, practices and evidence. A historical indication for treatment must be distinguished from a present-day indication.
Historical description of cognitive decline attributed to old age. It is not one precise modern dementia diagnosis.
Historical disease category, including in Aretaeus of Cappadocia, with an extent different from present-day mania. In I.6, persistent disturbance is distinguished from transient intoxication and senile dotage. [ref]
Historical pathological account of fatty change within damaged muscular fibres, distinguished from adipose tissue surrounding or extending between fibres. It is not a sufficient retrospective diagnosis of the cause of every cardiac rupture. [ref]
A historical name for episodic spasmodic laryngeal obstruction, distinguished from sustained inflammatory or membranous croup.
Historical category used in explanations of bodily disturbance. In the Celsus cupping passage, wind and corrupted material should not be silently translated into a proven modern infection or a measured gas compartment. [ref]
Historical category in Aretaeus of Cappadocia involving dangerous febrile illness and impending collapse. It should not be equated automatically with one present-day heart disorder or with modern syncope. [ref]
Days on which an ancient prognostic framework expected decisive changes in a disease. Their use by Aretaeus of Cappadocia does not supply a fixed modern schedule for collapse, recovery or intervention. [ref]
A material applied locally to the body, often with warmth. In the assigned Aretaeus of Cappadocia passage it prepares the site for wet cupping; that historical purpose must be distinguished from a palliative application for comfort. [ref]
Historical formulation name; composition is identified by pharmacopoeial edition.
Historical formulation name; composition is identified by pharmacopoeial edition.
Historical formulation name; composition is identified by pharmacopoeial edition.
Application of a cupping vessel to produce local suction. Dry cupping uses intact skin; wet cupping includes incisions and removal of blood. This procedural distinction does not itself establish therapeutic efficacy. [ref]
A cup applied to the skin with reduced internal pressure. Ancient bronze and horn versions are described by Celsus. [ref]
Historical abdominal removal of an ovarian tumour. The indication, handling of a cyst and management of its pedicle differ from modern risk-stratified ovarian surgery.
A historical category of agents intended to provoke menstruation. The label neither establishes efficacy nor identifies the cause of amenorrhoea.
A historical term for abnormal accumulation of bodily fluid, overlapping with oedema. It describes an appearance or syndrome, not a single specific modern disease.
A substance used historically to raise a blister as counterirritation. Historical use does not establish benefit or safety.
A historical claim that typhoid fever could originate from decomposing organic material, as opposed to transmission from an existing source of the specific infection.
A historical theory attributing disease to harmful emanations. It must be distinguished from specific infectious and chemical causes.
Historical therapeutic removal of serous fluid from an artificially raised blister or maintained superficial wound; loss of fluid alone does not establish clinical benefit.
Application of an irritant to one part in the expectation of relieving symptoms elsewhere. Historical claims of remote cure require evidence beyond the demonstrated irritation.
A preparation causing redness of the skin, historically used for counterirritation.
Historical study of medicinal substances, their origins, preparation and effects; a predecessor and continuing descriptive component of pharmacology and pharmacognosy.
Collection of ancient medical writings traditionally associated with Hippocrates. Association does not establish his personal authorship of every work.
Use of systematically recorded groups of cases and numerical comparisons to evaluate treatment, associated especially with Pierre Charles Alexandre Louis. Such comparisons need not be randomized controlled trials and remain vulnerable to confounding. [ref]
Application of suction cups to intact skin, without the incisions used in wet cupping. It therefore does not itself constitute removal of blood. [ref]
A nineteenth-century explanation of changing therapeutic practice: inflammatory diseases were said to have become less vigorous or more debilitating, requiring less depletion. It competed with explanations based on improved pathology and better evaluation of treatment. This is a historical theory, not a general modern law. [ref]
The historical chronic disease described by Aretaeus of Cappadocia through wasting, diarrhoea and incomplete digestion. This symptomatic category is not automatically coextensive with modern coeliac disease. [ref]
Historical explanatory power thought to transform food into bodily nourishment by digestion. In Aretaeus of Cappadocia, weakness of this power explains the coeliac affection of Aretaeus; this is not the modern mechanism of coeliac disease. [ref]
A historical explanatory system in which health and disease depend on the mixture and balance of bodily fluids. The four-fluid scheme includes blood, humoral phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. These categories are not a modern analysis of blood composition. [ref]
A bodily fluid considered within humorism; historical claims about its balance must be distinguished from current physiology.
One of the four fluids in classical humorism, distinct within that theory from yellow bile. Its historical category should not be treated as a demonstrated normal modern bodily fluid.
The cold fluid category called phlegm in historical humorism. It should not be equated without qualification with a present-day specimen of respiratory mucus.
Deliberate removal of blood for a therapeutic purpose. Historical practices include venesection, wet cupping and medicinal leeches; their historical rationale must be separated from present-day indications for venesection.
A leech used in medicine, historically to remove blood locally. The category is functional and does not identify one particular species.
Use of suction cups on incised skin to remove blood. Celsus describes bronze and horn cups and distinguishes this from dry cupping. [ref]
Removal of blood through a vein. The term can describe a historical intervention or a current treatment for a specific condition; the procedure alone does not establish its indication.
Venesection at the elbow. The ancient instruction to open a hollow vein here does not mean opening the vena cava.

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