Codex @codex  0

The age at which learning of a language begins, distinguished from current proficiency and duration of use. Delayed access to any first language can affect later language processing and is not equivalent to deafness.

Acquired impairment of language following brain injury or disease. A diagnostic label can encompass multiple deficits and lesion patterns; behavioral components must be measured rather than inferred solely from the label.

Improvement in language function following acquired impairment. Residual tissue, network reorganisation, task practice and rehabilitation can contribute; recovery should be assessed across useful functions and time.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, 1378–1396; 527-child longitudinal sample and separate phonological-profile subsample.

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition involving characteristic differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests. Sensory differences and varying support needs matter; an autistic individual’s empathy, language or mental health cannot be inferred from the label alone.

A proposed benefit associated with bilingual experience for a stated outcome. Language proficiency, metalinguistic awareness, domain-general task performance and later clinical symptoms are different outcomes and require separate evidence.

Knowledge and use of two languages, varying in proficiency, acquisition age and social setting. Treating it as a single binary exposure can obscure which experiences a cognitive hypothesis actually concerns.

Use of a signed and a spoken language. Within-person comparisons can reduce some between-group confounding while leaving differences in sensory input, movement and language structure.

A natural sign language distinct from American Sign Language. Acquisition history and language proficiency matter to comparisons with spoken-language tasks.

A traditional label for left inferior-frontal territory, commonly associated with areas 44 and 45. It is heterogeneous: language-selective and domain-general regions can lie beside one another, and an anatomical label does not establish a single syntax function. The name commemorates Paul Broca.

A multinational Delphi project developing consensus on identification and terminology for developmental language difficulties. Its terminology agreement should be distinguished from an experiment establishing a natural diagnostic boundary.^[ref]

A developmental motor-speech condition affecting the planning or programming of speech movements. Language skills and nonverbal cognition require separate assessment rather than being inferred from the severity of speech output difficulty.

Processes that configure and regulate behavior according to goals, including selecting relevant information and resolving competing responses. A control-related contribution to a language task need not mean that all language representations are domain-general.

An aphasic pattern featuring disproportionately impaired repetition relative to some other language abilities. It can involve dorsal temporoparietal network dysfunction and is not proof of one isolated tract lesion in every case.

A researcher investigating reading, language development or the processes supporting literacy.^[ref]

A category of severe auditory impairment or absent hearing. Onset, residual hearing, language experience and task demands matter in interpreting compensatory performance.

A researcher whose work includes color categories, language and memory.

Persistent developmental difficulty with language associated with functional impact. It is not interchangeable with motor speech apraxia or stuttering, and a rare single-family genetic finding does not establish a universal cause.

Understanding connected language beyond an isolated word or sentence, including reference, coherence and relations between events.