Past exam of the physics A course of the University of Cambridge / 2019 / Paper 2 / Section B / B7 / d

For underdamping, the general response is a free transient plus a particular driven response. Use the paper's $e^{i\omega t}$ convention. The steady displacement complex amplitude isThusHere $\gamma =b/(2m)$, ${\omega }_d=\sqrt{k/m-{\gamma }^2}$ and the real constants $C,D$ enforce the initial conditions. For a real positive $F_0$, the steady term is $|x_0|\cos (\omega t-\varphi )$, whereFor light damping, ${\omega }_d\simeq {\omega }_0$ and the transient decays slowly compared with an oscillation. The two-argument phase convention makes the displacement lag evolve from approximately zero below resonance through $\pi /2$ near ${\omega }_0$ to approximately $\pi$ far above it.