Past exam of the physics course of the year 1 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2016 / Paper 1 / Section A / A3

Use an RC low-pass filter: put the resistor in series with the input and the capacitor between the output node and the return conductor. Measure the output voltage across the capacitor, with negligible output loading. The voltage divider then has transfer functionAt the high frequency, the attenuation requirement isAt the low frequency, approximately unchanged amplitude means $2\pi f_{l}RC\ll 1$, soThe upper relation is an asymptotic design condition, because “approximately” specifies no numerical tolerance. For example, retaining at least $99\%$ of the low-frequency amplitude would sharpen the upper bound to approximately $68.7\mu \mathrm{F}$.

A practical illustrative choice is $C=22\mu \mathrm{F}$. Its voltage gain is approximately $0.99896$ at $1\mathrm{Hz}$ and $0.001096$ at $20\mathrm{kHz}$: the latter amplitude is reduced by a factor of about $912$. Its cutoff frequency is $1/(2\pi RC)\simeq 21.9\mathrm{Hz}$.