Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a surface analysis technique used primarily to determine the surface structure of crystalline materials. In this method, low-energy electrons, typically in the range of 1 to 200 eV, are directed at the surface of a crystalline sample.

Low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies are a type of galaxy characterized by their relatively low luminosity per unit area. This means that they are fainter and have less concentrated light compared to more conventional, high surface brightness galaxies (HSB). Here are some key features and characteristics of LSB galaxies: 1. **Surface Brightness**: LSB galaxies have a surface brightness that is significantly lower than that of typical galaxies.

Mario Pulvirenti is not widely recognized in mainstream culture or popular media, so there may be limited information available.

Ludwig Holborn is not widely known in contemporary contexts. However, Ludwig Holborn (1884-1974) was a notable figure in the field of law, particularly known for his work in legal philosophy and history. He served as a professor of law and made significant contributions to understanding legal systems and their development.

Łukasiewicz logic, named after the Polish logician Jan Łukasiewicz, is a non-classical system of logic that extends classical propositional logic. It is particularly known for its treatment of many-valued logics, where it allows for more than just the binary true and false values. 1. **Many-Valued Logic**: One of the key contributions of Łukasiewicz is his development of many-valued logic, which allows for a spectrum of truth values.

Macintosh operating systems development refers to the process of creating, evolving, and maintaining the macOS (formerly known as Mac OS X and OS X) operating system used by Apple's line of Macintosh computers. This development encompasses various aspects, including architecture, design, features, user interface, performance optimization, security, and application compatibility. ### Historical Context: 1. **Early Beginnings (1984)**: The original Macintosh operating system was launched alongside the first Macintosh computer in 1984.

The Madame Alexander Doll Company is a well-known American doll manufacturer, established in 1923 by Beatrice Alexander Behrman. The company is renowned for its high-quality, collectible dolls, which often feature unique designs and exquisite attention to detail. Madame Alexander dolls have historically been distinguished by their craftsmanship, including hand-painted features and intricate clothing. The brand became famous for its character dolls, which include popular figures from literature, film, and television.

Magnetotactic bacteria are a unique group of microorganisms that orient themselves along magnetic fields due to the presence of intracellular structures known as magnetosomes. These magnetosomes contain magnetic minerals, typically magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4), which allow the bacteria to detect the Earth's magnetic field and navigate accordingly.

The "Magnus Liber," or "Great Book," is a term that can refer to various texts in different contexts, but it is most notably associated with the medieval manuscript known as the "Liber Floridus" written by the 12th-century Flemish scholar Rabanus Maurus. This work is often regarded as an encyclopedic compilation of knowledge from various fields such as theology, history, and natural science.

Mahadev Satyanarayanan, often referred to as Satya, is a prominent figure in the field of computer science, particularly known for his contributions to cloud computing and mobile systems. He is a professor at Carnegie Mellon University and has played a significant role in the development of distributed systems, mobile computing, and edge computing. Satyanarayanan is also recognized for his work on the Coda File System, which introduced concepts related to disconnected operation in file systems.

Māhukona is a coastal area located on the Big Island of Hawaii, specifically in the district of North Kohala. It is known for its picturesque landscapes, historical significance, and natural attractions. The area features a small harbor that was once an important shipping point for sugarcane and is now more commonly recognized for recreational activities, including fishing and boating. Māhukona also has a historical background, as it was a thriving community during the sugar plantation era.

The Malus-Dupin theorem, also known simply as Malus's law, is a principle in optics that describes the intensity of polarized light as it passes through a polarizing filter. It states that the intensity of light transmitted through a polarizer is proportional to the square of the cosine of the angle between the light's initial polarization direction and the axis of the polarizer.

A maneuvering board is a navigational tool used primarily in maritime and military applications. It is often utilized to assist in plotting courses, tracking vessels, and determining the positions and movements of ships or aircraft. The board typically consists of a flat, circular or rectangular surface with a transparent overlay and may include various scales and markings to aid in navigation. Key functions of a maneuvering board include: 1. **Course plotting**: Helps users draw course lines and visualize navigation paths.

"Maniac" is a 2012 horror film directed by Franck Khalfoun, which serves as a remake of the 1980 cult classic of the same name. The film stars Elijah Wood as Frank, a disturbed man who runs a mannequin shop in Los Angeles. Frank has a troubled past and suffers from severe psychological issues, which lead him to become a serial killer.

The term "Manosphere" refers to a collection of blogs, forums, and online communities where topics related to masculinity, men's rights, and men's issues are discussed. It encompasses a variety of perspectives, including men's rights activism (MRA), pick-up artist (PUA) culture, and other movements that focus on male experiences and grievances.

The mapping class group of a surface is a fundamental concept in the field of algebraic topology and differential geometry. Given a surface \( S \), the mapping class group, denoted \( \mathrm{Mod}(S) \), consists of equivalence classes of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of the surface modulo the action of homotopy.

The MarBEF Data System, which stands for Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, is a European initiative aimed at enhancing the knowledge and understanding of marine biodiversity and its role in ecosystem functioning. Established as a part of the European Union's efforts to promote marine research, the MarBEF project brings together various researchers, institutions, and data contributors across Europe to compile, standardize, and share data related to marine biodiversity.

Margot Gerritsen is a notable figure in the fields of mathematics and computational science, particularly known for her work in applied mathematics and scientific computing. She has been involved in academia as a professor and researcher, contributing to advancements in areas such as numerical methods, data analysis, and the application of mathematical techniques to various scientific problems. In addition to her research, she has been active in promoting diversity and inclusion within the STEM fields and has participated in educational initiatives.

The Nif gene refers to a set of genes involved in nitrogen fixation, primarily found in certain bacteria and archaea. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) is converted into a form that can be utilized by living organisms, primarily ammonia (NH₃). This process is critical for the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, which are essential for life.

Marilyn Wolf is a notable figure known for her contributions in the field of computer engineering, particularly in computer architecture and embedded systems. She has held key academic positions and has been involved in research that bridges the gap between software and hardware design. Wolf is recognized for her work on high-performance computing, as well as her commitment to education and mentoring in engineering.