The Ballantine Scale, also known as the Ballantine's Abbreviation-scale, is a scale used in the field of metallurgy to describe the toughness and resilience of metals and alloys. It is often referenced in engineering and materials science. The scale provides a way to evaluate the performance of materials under different stress conditions, helping engineers determine the suitability of materials for various applications, especially in construction and manufacturing.

The National Weather Service (NWS) office in Des Moines, Iowa, is a regional branch of the NWS, which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Des Moines office is responsible for providing weather forecasts, warnings, and other meteorological services to central and northern Iowa. This includes monitoring severe weather events such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, and winter storms, as well as issuing alerts to inform the public and local agencies.

The National Weather Service (NWS) Training Center is a facility that provides training and educational resources to personnel within the NWS and related meteorological fields. Located in Kansas City, Missouri, the center focuses on enhancing the skills and knowledge of NWS employees through various programs, including classroom instruction, hands-on training, and professional development. The Training Center offers a range of courses covering topics such as meteorology, hydrology, forecasting, weather service operations, and the use of technology in weather prediction.

The Nested Grid Model refers to a computational modeling approach used in various fields like meteorology, oceanography, and climate science. Its primary purpose is to provide a more detailed representation of physical processes occurring within different spatial scales. Here are some key characteristics of nested grid models: 1. **Hierarchical Grid Structures**: In a nested grid model, a coarse grid serves as the primary computational domain, while one or more finer grids (nested grids) are implemented within specific regions of interest.

Wind-induced surface heat exchange refers to the transfer of thermal energy between the atmosphere and the surface (such as water, land, or vegetation) that is influenced by wind. This process plays a crucial role in various environmental and climatic systems. There are two primary forms of heat exchange that wind can facilitate: 1. **Sensible Heat Exchange**: This occurs when the wind moves air that has a different temperature than the surface it encounters.

The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) is a government agency in Sweden responsible for monitoring and forecasting weather and climate, as well as managing hydrological data. Established in 1873, SMHI provides a range of services related to meteorology, hydrology, and oceanography. Its primary functions include: 1. **Weather Forecasting**: SMHI produces daily weather forecasts and warnings for various weather-related events, such as storms, floods, and heatwaves.

The Hero Fracture Zone is a significant geological feature located in the central northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, specifically within the North Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by a series of faults and fractures on the ocean floor, which are indicative of tectonic activity. The zone is associated with the boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. This area is of interest to geologists and oceanographers because it provides insights into tectonic processes and the geological history of the Earth's crust.

The New Hebrides Trench, also known as the Vanuatu Trench, is an oceanic trench located in the South Pacific Ocean, off the northeastern coast of Australia and east of the island nation of Vanuatu. It is formed by the subduction of the Australian Plate beneath the Pacific Plate. The trench is part of a complex system of tectonic plate interactions in the region, which is known for its seismic activity, including the potential for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Fisheries science is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the study of fish populations, their habitats, and the ecosystems they inhabit. It integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, ecology, marine science, environmental science, and economics to understand and manage fishery resources sustainably. Key areas of research and practice within fisheries science include: 1. **Fish Biology**: Understanding the life cycles, behavior, reproduction, and physiology of fish species.

Benthic-pelagic coupling refers to the interactions and exchanges of materials and energy between the benthic (sea floor) and pelagic (open water) zones of aquatic ecosystems. This concept is important in understanding nutrient dynamics, energy flow, and ecological interactions in marine and freshwater environments.

The Catlin Seaview Survey is a research project focused on assessing and documenting the health of coral reefs and marine environments, particularly in the context of climate change and ocean acidification. Launched in 2012, the survey employs advanced underwater photography and imaging technologies, including 360-degree cameras, to capture high-resolution panoramic images of coral reefs.

The Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology (CMLRE) is an institution in India that focuses on the sustainable management and conservation of marine resources and ecosystems. Established under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, CMLRE is involved in various research activities, monitoring programs, and policy development related to marine living resources. CMLRE aims to support the sustainable utilization of marine biodiversity, promote research on marine ecosystems, and provide insights into the socio-economic aspects of marine resources.

The College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences (CFOS) is an academic institution typically associated with the study of fisheries, marine biology, oceanography, and related disciplines. While there may be multiple institutions with similar names around the world, one of the well-known colleges is part of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) in the United States.

Jack Rudloe is an American naturalist, author, and marine biologist known for his work in the fields of marine science and literature. He has written extensively on various topics related to marine life, ecology, and environmental conservation. Rudloe has contributed to the understanding of marine ecosystems and has been involved in efforts to promote awareness about the importance of preserving marine environments.

Reef Life Survey (RLS) is a global initiative aimed at monitoring and assessing the health of reef ecosystems through citizen science. The program involves trained volunteers who conduct underwater surveys of fish and other marine life in coral reef environments. By collecting data on species diversity, abundance, and habitat conditions, RLS aims to provide essential information that can help in the conservation and management of reef ecosystems.

The Oregon Institute of Marine Biology (OIMB) is a research and educational facility located in Charleston, Oregon. It is part of the University of Oregon and specializes in marine and coastal research and education. Established in 1965, OIMB focuses on various aspects of marine science, including marine biology, ecology, and oceanography.

The RV Song of the Whale is a research vessel operated by the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. It is specifically designed for marine mammal research and ecological studies, with a focus on studying whales and other marine species in their natural habitats. The vessel is equipped with advanced technology, including various forms of sonar, underwater microphones (hydrophones), and other scientific instruments that facilitate the study of marine environments.

In marine biology, "substrate" refers to the surface or material on or in which organisms live, grow, and obtain their nutrients. This can include a variety of types of surfaces, such as: 1. **Natural substrates**: These can be sandy, rocky, muddy, or even organic materials like decaying plant matter. The characteristics of these natural substrates can greatly influence the types of organisms that can thrive in a particular habitat.

In biology, "test" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context: 1. **Test (invertebrate structure)**: In the context of certain marine organisms, such as echinoderms and some protozoans, a "test" refers to a hard or protective outer covering or shell. For example, the tests of foraminifera are the shells made of calcium carbonate that these organisms use for protection and buoyancy in aquatic environments.

The Western Society of Naturalists (WSN) is a professional organization that focuses on promoting the study and conservation of natural history, particularly in the western United States and adjacent regions. Founded in 1923, the society provides a platform for researchers, educators, and students to share their work, discuss findings, and collaborate on issues related to ecology, biodiversity, and conservation. The WSN hosts annual meetings where members can present research, network, and attend workshops.