Computing is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research and developments in the field of computer science and computing. It typically encompasses a wide range of topics, including but not limited to algorithms, software engineering, computer systems, artificial intelligence, and information technology. The journal serves as a platform for researchers to publish their findings, share insights, and contribute to the body of knowledge within the computing discipline.

The German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (de.NBI) is a collaborative initiative that aims to provide bioinformatics services, resources, and expertise for researchers in Germany and beyond. Established to support the growing field of bioinformatics, de.NBI offers a wide range of tools and services that facilitate the analysis and interpretation of biological data. Key components of de.NBI include: 1. **Infrastructure**: de.

A computer poker player is an artificial intelligence (AI) program or algorithm designed to play poker against human players or other AI opponents. These programs use various strategies and techniques to make decisions during the game, such as betting, raising, calling, or folding. Key features of computer poker players include: 1. **Game Theory**: Many advanced poker AI systems are built upon game theory principles, which help them understand optimal strategies and counter-strategies.

In 2012, several computer companies were disestablished, either through bankruptcy, acquisition, or cessation of operations. Some notable companies that fit this description include: 1. **Neverware** - A company known for its CloudReady operating system designed to convert older PCs into Chromebooks, it ceased operating as an independent entity after a series of changes in 2012.

Infographics are visual representations of information, data, or knowledge designed to present complex information quickly and clearly. They often combine text, images, charts, and graphs to convey their message effectively. Infographics are used in various fields, including education, marketing, data analysis, and journalism, as they help to simplify complex concepts, make data more accessible, and improve engagement by appealing to visual learners.

Computer chess competitions are events where chess engines, or computer programs designed to play chess, compete against each other or against human players. These competitions can take various forms, including: 1. **Engine Tournaments**: Specialized events where different chess engines compete against each other in a series of matches. Performance is often measured based on points scored (wins, losses, draws) in a round-robin or knockout format.

Computer cartography is the use of computer technology to create, analyze, and manipulate maps and geographic information. It involves the application of software and tools to generate cartographic representations of spatial data, allowing for a more efficient and accurate way to visualize geographic information. Key components of computer cartography include: 1. **GIS (Geographic Information Systems)**: These systems are integral to computer cartography and are used for capturing, storing, analyzing, and managing spatial data.

Computer-aided production engineering (CAPE) refers to the use of computer software and technology to assist in the planning, design, analysis, and optimization of production processes and systems. CAPE integrates various engineering disciplines to improve productivity, quality, and efficiency in manufacturing operations. It encompasses several key areas: 1. **Production Planning and Scheduling**: Using algorithms and software to optimize manufacturing schedules, inventory management, and resource allocation to meet production targets efficiently.

Computational photography refers to a combination of hardware and software techniques that enhance and manipulate images beyond what traditional photography can achieve. It harnesses computational power to improve image quality, overcome limitations of camera hardware, and create effects that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to achieve through conventional means. Key aspects of computational photography include: 1. **Image Processing:** Advanced algorithms can be applied to enhance details, adjust lighting, and correct colors after a photo is taken.

Computational mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to analyze and solve problems related to the behavior of physical systems. It integrates principles from engineering, mathematics, and computer science to simulate and understand complex phenomena in various fields such as structural engineering, fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, and material science. Key aspects of computational mechanics include: 1. **Finite Element Method (FEM)**: A numerical technique used to find approximate solutions to boundary value problems for partial differential equations.

In the context of Wikipedia (or similar platforms), a "stub" refers to an article that is very short and lacks comprehensive information on a given topic. A "Computational linguistics stub" specifically would be an article related to computational linguistics that has not yet been expanded to cover its subject matter in detail.

Gerhard Wagner is a physicist known for his contributions to various fields within physics, including quantum mechanics and condensed matter physics. However, detailed information about specific research, publications, or achievements would be essential for a more comprehensive understanding of his work and impact in the field.

Computational humor refers to the field of study and application that involves the use of algorithms, artificial intelligence, and computational techniques to understand, generate, and analyze humor. This interdisciplinary area typically combines insights from computer science, linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science to explore how humor works and how it can be replicated or simulated by machines. Here are some key aspects of computational humor: 1. **Humor Generation**: This involves creating algorithms that can generate jokes, puns, or humorous content.

In the context of physics, particularly in the theory of relativity, a four-vector is a mathematical object that extends the concept of vectors as used in three-dimensional space to four-dimensional spacetime. Four-vectors are crucial because they incorporate both spatial and temporal components, allowing for a unified description of relativistic effects.