Plaque radiotherapy is a form of localized radiation treatment primarily used to treat certain types of eye cancer, particularly uveal melanoma, which is a type of melanoma that occurs in the eye. This treatment involves the use of a small, radioactive "plaque" that is surgically placed on the surface of the eye, directly over the tumor.

Technetium (99mTc) etarfolatide is a radiopharmaceutical used as a diagnostic imaging agent in medicine, particularly in the field of oncology. It is specifically designed for molecular imaging to assess folate receptor expression in tumors.

A well counter is a specialized instrument used primarily in the field of nuclear medicine and radiation detection to measure the activity of radioactive samples. It is particularly effective in measuring low levels of radioactivity, making it essential for assays of radiopharmaceuticals and other small samples. The basic components of a well counter include: 1. **Detection Chamber**: The well, typically made of a scintillation material or a Geiger-Müller tube, is designed to hold the sample.

Radiation protection organizations are agencies, institutions, or groups that focus on the protection of human health and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. These organizations develop guidelines, conduct research, and implement policies to ensure safe practices in the use of radiation in various fields, including medicine, industry, nuclear energy, and research.

The Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS), or the Federal Office for Radiation Protection, is a German government agency responsible for issues related to radiation protection. It operates under the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. The BfS's primary tasks include: 1. **Radiation Protection Regulation**: Developing and implementing regulations and guidelines to ensure public safety and health concerning ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.

As of my last update in October 2023, Ukraine does not possess intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). ICBMs are long-range missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons, typically over distances greater than 5,500 kilometers (about 3,400 miles). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine inherited a significant number of nuclear weapons, including ICBMs.

Ukraine has been a focal point in discussions about weapons of mass destruction (WMD) due to its historical context and geopolitical situation, particularly since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Here are some key points related to Ukraine and WMD: 1. **Nuclear Arsenal**: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a significant nuclear arsenal, which made it the third-largest nuclear power in the world at that time.

The Atomic Industrial Forum (AIF) is typically a gathering or organization focused on the nuclear industry and its related fields. It serves as a platform for professionals, stakeholders, and policymakers to discuss advancements, challenges, regulations, and innovations in nuclear technology and industrial applications. The forum may cover a range of topics, including nuclear energy, safety protocols, waste management, policy frameworks, and the role of nuclear technology in addressing global challenges such as energy security and climate change.

The Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS) is a professional organization dedicated to promoting the advancement and understanding of nuclear science and technology in Canada. Founded in 1975, the CNS serves as a forum for professionals in the nuclear industry, including engineers, scientists, and academics, providing them with opportunities for networking, collaboration, and sharing of knowledge.

The International Nuclear Societies Council (INSC) is a global organization that aims to foster collaboration and communication among various nuclear societies worldwide. Established to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and technology, the INSC serves as a network for professionals in the nuclear sector, including engineers, scientists, and educators. Key objectives of the INSC include: 1. **Promoting Best Practices:** The council seeks to disseminate knowledge and best practices related to nuclear science and engineering, safety, and technology.

The International Thorium Energy Committee (ITEC) is an organization that promotes the development and use of thorium as a safe, sustainable, and efficient nuclear fuel source. Founded to facilitate collaboration among nations, researchers, and industries, ITEC aims to advance the research and development of thorium-based nuclear technology, which offers several potential advantages over traditional uranium-based fuels.

The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) is a policy organization that represents the nuclear energy industry in the United States. Its primary mission is to promote the benefits of nuclear energy, advocate for policies favorable to the industry, and support the development of nuclear technology. NEI engages with government, regulatory bodies, and the public to communicate the safety, environmental, and economic advantages of nuclear power. The organization works on various issues, including regulatory development, nuclear technology innovation, workforce development, and public outreach.

RADiations Effects on Components and Systems refers to the impact of various types of radiation on electronic components, devices, and systems. Different types of radiation—such as ionizing radiation (like gamma rays, X-rays, and high-energy particles) and non-ionizing radiation (like microwaves or RF radiation)—can have different effects on materials and electronic systems. ### Types of Radiation and Their Effects 1.

France is one of the world's largest producers of nuclear energy, and its nuclear power sector is primarily dominated by a state-owned company called Électricité de France (EDF). Here are some key points about nuclear power companies in France: 1. **Électricité de France (EDF)**: - EDF is the main operator of nuclear power plants in France, producing about 70% of the country's electricity from nuclear sources.

As of my last update, Germany has several key companies involved in nuclear power, though the country has been moving away from nuclear energy since the decision to phase out nuclear power following the Fukushima disaster in 2011. The main companies historically involved in nuclear energy in Germany include: 1. **E.ON**: One of the largest energy companies in Germany, E.ON was involved in nuclear power generation through its ownership of several nuclear plants.

Japan has several companies involved in nuclear power generation. The major ones include: 1. **Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. (TEPCO)**: The largest electric utility in Japan, TEPCO operates several nuclear power plants, including the now-closed Fukushima Daiichi plant, which was severely damaged in the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. 2. **Kansai Electric Power Company, Inc.

As of my last update in October 2023, Spain has several companies involved in nuclear power generation. The main players in this sector include: 1. **Endesa**: A major electric utility company in Spain, Endesa operates several nuclear power plants and is one of the largest energy producers in the country. 2. **Iberdrola**: Another leading energy provider in Spain, Iberdrola is involved in the generation and distribution of electricity, including from nuclear sources.

Sweden has several companies involved in nuclear power generation and related activities. The primary players in the Swedish nuclear power industry include: 1. **Vattenfall AB**: Vattenfall is the largest producer of electricity in Sweden and operates several nuclear power plants, including those at Forsmark and Ringhals. The company is government-owned and plays a significant role in the country's energy mix.

In the Czech Republic, the primary nuclear power company is **ČEZ Group**. It is the largest energy company in the country and operates several nuclear power plants, including the well-known Dukovany and Temelín facilities. 1. **Dukovany Nuclear Power Plant** - Located in the Vysočina Region, it has been in operation since the 1980s and consists of four reactors.

Argentina has a history of developing nuclear power for energy production since the mid-20th century. The country's nuclear program has produced several nuclear power stations, primarily for generating electricity. Here are the key facilities: 1. **Embalse Nuclear Power Station**: Located in the province of Córdoba, Embalse started operations in 1983. It is a CANDU (Canadian Deuterium Uranium) reactor designed to generate about 600 megawatts (MW) of electricity.