The Axiom of Real Determinacy (AD) is a principle from set theory and logic, particularly in the context of infinite games and infinite sequences of real numbers. It states that for any infinite two-player game where players alternately choose natural numbers (or digits in the decimal representation), and where the outcome of the game can be represented as an infinite sequence of real numbers, one of the players has a winning strategy.

In descriptive set theory, a "tree" is a mathematical structure that represents a collection of finite sequences, often used in the study of Polish spaces (complete separable metric spaces) and Borel sets. Trees can be used to analyze various concepts in set theory, including definability and complexity of sets and functions. A tree is typically defined as a set \( T \) of finite sequences of elements drawn from a given set \( X \).

Chinook is a computer program designed to play the game of checkers (draughts). It is particularly notable for being one of the first programs to reach a level of play that could effectively compete against human experts.

Scrabble software refers to computer programs or applications designed to simulate the word game Scrabble, allowing players to play against each other or against AI opponents. These applications typically feature the official rules of Scrabble, incorporating the game's scoring system, tile management, and turn-based gameplay. Some key features often found in Scrabble software include: 1. **Single Player Mode:** Players can compete against computer-generated opponents or practice their skills against AI players.

The term "aspiration window" can have different meanings depending on the context in which it's used. Here are a couple of interpretations: 1. **Medical/Clinical Context**: In medical terms, particularly in fields like radiology or respiratory therapy, an aspiration window might refer to the time frame in which a patient is at risk of aspirating (inhaling foreign substances into the lungs). This could involve monitoring patients after certain procedures, like surgery, where the risk of aspiration is heightened.

Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN) is a standard notation for describing the state of a chess game. It is used to succinctly represent the position of pieces on the board, the player to move, castling availability, en passant targets, halfmove clock, and fullmove number. FEN is particularly useful for recording positions in chess literature, computer chess applications, and transmitting chess data.

The Chess Engines Grand Tournament (CEGT) is an event that features various chess engines competing against each other in a structured format. These tournaments provide a platform for testing and comparing the strength of different chess engines, offering insights into their playing styles, strengths, and weaknesses. The competitions often involve engines running on high-performance hardware, and the results contribute to rankings and evaluations of the engines' abilities. Typically, the format involves several rounds of matches where engines play against each other in different time controls.

"Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine" is a documentary film that was released in 2003. It focuses on the famous chess match between world champion Garry Kasparov and IBM's chess-playing computer, Deep Blue, in 1997. The film explores the historical context of the match, the significance of artificial intelligence in the realm of chess, and the broader implications of humanity's relationship with technology.

GADDAG is a word game that serves as a variation of the classic game Scrabble. The name "GADDAG" stands for "Go Ahead & Don't Do A Letter At the Gap." The game is structured around creating words on a game board using letter tiles, with players aiming to score points based on the letters they use and the placement of their words on the board.

Google DeepMind, now simply known as DeepMind, is a British artificial intelligence (AI) company that was acquired by Google in 2014. It focuses on developing advanced AI technologies and is known for its groundbreaking research in machine learning, neural networks, and reinforcement learning. DeepMind gained significant recognition for its development of AlphaGo, an AI program that defeated a world champion Go player, which showcased the potential of deep learning techniques and complex strategic thinking.

Principal Variation Search (PVS) is an algorithm used in game-tree search, particularly in the context of two-player games like chess. It is a refinement of the minimax algorithm, particularly in how it explores the game tree to optimize performance. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Minimax Algorithm**: PVS builds on the classic minimax approach, which aims to minimize the possible loss in a worst-case scenario, maximizing the player's minimum gain.

Alan D. Taylor is a name that may refer to multiple individuals depending on the context. One prominent figure is an economist known for his work in international finance and macroeconomics. He has researched topics such as exchange rates, economic growth, and the effects of globalization. However, without additional context, it is difficult to determine which specific Alan D. Taylor you are referring to.

A geo-fence is a virtual boundary that is set up around a specific geographical area. It uses GPS, RFID, Wi-Fi, or cellular data to define the perimeter of the area. When a device, such as a smartphone or a GPS-enabled asset, enters or exits this area, it triggers a predefined response or action, such as sending notifications, alerts, or enabling certain functionalities.

Alvin E. Roth is an American economist who is well-known for his contributions to game theory, market design, and experimental economics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 2012, which he shared with Lloyd Shapley, primarily for their work on the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design.

David Blackwell (1919–2010) was an influential American statistician and mathematician known for his significant contributions to various areas, including probability theory, statistics, and game theory. He was the first African American to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. Blackwell is particularly renowned for the development of the Blackwell's theorem in probability, as well as for his work on sufficient statistics and statistical decision theory.

Debraj Ray is an influential Indian economist known for his work in development economics, game theory, and the economics of poverty and inequality. He is a professor at New York University (NYU) and has made significant contributions to the theoretical foundations of economic behavior and mechanisms that influence social and economic outcomes. Ray's research often focuses on issues such as poverty dynamics, social choice, and the behavioral aspects of economic agents.

Elias Koutsoupias is a prominent Greek computer scientist known for his research in theoretical computer science, particularly in the areas of algorithm design, computational complexity, game theory, and online algorithms. He is a professor at the University of Athens and has made significant contributions to various fields, including the study of algorithmic problems that arise in complex systems and networks.

Georg Weizsäcker likely refers to a prominent figure in the field of science and philosophy, specifically Georg (or George) Weizsäcker, who was a German physicist and also involved in philosophy. He made significant contributions to theoretical physics and is known for his work in various areas, including quantum mechanics and the philosophy of science.