Nutrient that a given species cannot produce and must ingest in its diet.

Miriam Solomon is an influential philosopher known for her work in the philosophy of science, feminist philosophy, and the philosophy of medicine. She is particularly recognized for her contributions to discussions about the social dimensions of scientific inquiry, the role of values in science, and the intersections of gender and science. Solomon's work often explores how scientific practices can be understood through a social lens and how gender and other social factors influence scientific research and knowledge production.

Space inside inner mitochondrial membrane.

An incandescent light bulb is a type of electric light source that produces light by heating a filament made of tungsten until it glows. When electric current passes through the filament, it heats up to a high temperature (typically around 2,200 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,200 to 1,600 degrees Celsius), causing it to emit visible light.

Described at: www.sligocki.com/2022/06/10/ctl.html

Bibliography: discuss.bbchallenge.org/t/decider-translated-cyclers/34

Like a cycler, but the cycle starts at an offset.

To see infinity, we check that if the machine only goes left N squares until reaching the repetition, then repetition must only be N squares long.

A Turing machine decider is a program that decides if one or more Turing machines halts of not.

Of course, because what we know about the halting problem, there cannot exist a single decider that decides all Turing machines.

E.g. The Busy Beaver Challenge has a set of deciders clearly published, which decide a large part of BB(5). Their proposed deciders are listed at: discuss.bbchallenge.org/c/deciders/5 and actually applied ones at: bbchallenge.org.

But there are deciders that can decide large classes of turing machines.

Many (all/most?) deciders are based on simulation of machines with arbitrary cutoff hyperparameters, e.g. the cutoff space/time of a Turing machine cycler decider.

The simplest and most obvious example is the Turing machine cycler decider

The busy beaver game consists in finding, for a given $n$, the turing machine with $n$ states that writes the largest possible number of 1's on a tape initially filled with 0's. In other words, computing the busy beaver function for a given $n$.

There are only finitely many Turing machines with $n$ states, so we are certain that there exists such a maximum. Computing the Busy beaver function for a given $n$ then comes down to solving the halting problem for every single machine with $n$ states.

Some variant definitions define it as the number of time steps taken by the machine instead. Wikipedia talks about their relationship, but no patience right now.

The Busy Beaver problem is cool because it puts the halting problem in a more precise numerical light, e.g.:

Bibliography:

Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is a technique used to measure the expression levels of genes in a given sample. It provides a quantitative assessment of gene expression by capturing short sequences of DNA tags that correspond to different genes. Here’s a brief overview of how SAGE works and its significance: ### Overview of the SAGE Process: 1. **Sample Preparation**: Total RNA is isolated from a biological sample, such as tissue or cells.

Single-molecule magnetic sequencing is an advanced technique for DNA sequencing that leverages the properties of magnetic fields to manipulate and analyze individual molecules of DNA or RNA. Unlike traditional sequencing methods, which often require amplification of DNA samples, this approach is capable of directly sequencing single molecules, which can provide significant advantages in terms of accuracy, speed, and the ability to analyze complex genomes.

Site-specific recombination is a process by which DNA strands are rearranged at particular sites within the genome, allowing for the integration, excision, or rearrangement of genetic material. This mechanism is characterized by the specific recognition of short DNA sequences by recombinase enzymes, which mediate the recombination events.

Spiroligomer is a type of synthetic oligomer that has been designed to mimic the structure and function of natural nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. These oligomers are characterized by their unique backbone structure, which allows them to form stable and specific interactions with complementary nucleic acid sequences. The primary applications of spiroligomers are in molecular biology and biotechnology.

Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics that focuses on the study of the molecular structure of biological macromolecules, particularly proteins, nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA), and complex assemblies they form. This field aims to understand the relationship between the structure of these biomolecules and their function in biological processes.