Instrumentation in petrochemical industries refers to the use of various devices and systems that measure, monitor, and control processes involved in the production, refining, and distribution of petrochemicals. This field is critical to ensuring the efficient, safe, and environmentally responsible operation of petrochemical facilities. Key aspects of instrumentation in the petrochemical industry include: 1. **Measurement**: Instruments such as flow meters, pressure gauges, temperature sensors, and level indicators are used to measure key process variables.

NORBIT is a term that can refer to different things depending on the context, so it's important to clarify. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **NORBIT ASA**: This is a Norwegian technology company that specializes in providing advanced solutions and services for various sectors, including marine, energy, and utilities. They focus on developing software and hardware solutions for data collection, processing, and visualization.

Arthur Butz is an American electrical engineer and a professor emeritus at Northwestern University. He is widely known for his controversial views on the Holocaust and is a Holocaust denier. Butz authored a book titled "The Hoax of the Twentieth Century," published in 1976, where he argues against the occurrence of the Holocaust, which has been widely discredited and condemned. His views and writings are not supported by credible historians and are rejected by the vast majority of the academic community.

Daniela L. Rus is a prominent computer scientist and researcher, best known for her work in robotics, artificial intelligence, and computer science. She serves as the Director of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Her research interests include mobile robotics, autonomous systems, and human-robot interaction. Rus has made significant contributions to the development of algorithms for robotic systems, including work on self-reconfigurable robots and robot learning.

Several computer companies were disestablished in 2022 due to various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or business failures. Here are a few examples: 1. **Intel's NUC Group** - Intel announced it would discontinue its NUC (next unit of computing) business, which focused on compact PCs. 2. **Mellanox Technologies** - Although acquired earlier, the Mellanox brand was officially retired and absorbed into NVIDIA after its acquisition in 2020.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there were no widely reported computer companies that were disestablished in that year. However, it's important to note that information might change over time, and there could be smaller or less publicized companies that ceased operations.

Here are some computer companies that were disestablished or ceased operations in 2019: 1. **Steinberg Media Technologies** - Known for its music production software, Steinberg was sold and restructured, leading to the discontinuation of some of its operations. 2. **Woot** - Originally known for its deals on computer hardware and gadgets, Woot was absorbed into Amazon, leading to a shift in its original operational model.

"Internet properties by year of disestablishment" refers to a classification of websites, platforms, or online services that were operational during a certain period and eventually ceased to exist. This can include social media platforms, content-sharing sites, forums, and other internet-based offerings that have been discontinued or shut down.

The disestablishment of software companies occurs for various reasons, such as mergers, acquisitions, or bankruptcy. However, as an AI language model, I don't have access to real-time databases to provide a comprehensive list of software companies disestablished by year.

Pluribus is an advanced artificial intelligence (AI) developed by researchers at Facebook AI Research and Carnegie Mellon University. It is specifically designed for playing poker, particularly no-limit heads-up Texas hold'em. Pluribus gained significant attention for its ability to compete successfully against professional human players in this complex and strategic game.

"Discoveries" by James V. Scotti is a collection of short stories that delves into various themes such as humanity, existence, and the intricacies of life experiences. Each story offers a unique perspective, exploring the complexities of human relationships and the impact of choices. Scotti's writing is known for its depth and ability to resonate with readers, often provoking thought and reflection on the subjects discussed.

Polaris is a sophisticated poker-playing bot developed by researchers at the University of Alberta. It represents significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, particularly in the domain of imperfect information games like poker. Polaris was one of the first AI systems to compete successfully against human poker players in heads-up limit Texas hold'em.

The 2nd millennium refers to the period from the year 1001 to 2000. During this time, there were numerous significant developments in the field of computing and information technology. Below are some key milestones and introductions related to computers in this era: ### Early Developments (1001-1900) - **Mechanical Calculators**: In the 17th century, inventors like Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created early mechanical calculators.

In 1918, the concept of computers as we understand it today did not exist, but there were several significant developments and ideas related to computing machines during that time period. The following points summarize the state of computing and related technology around 1918: 1. **Early Mechanical Computers**: Before the electronic era, there were mechanical devices designed for computation. One notable example is the **Analytical Engine**, conceptualized by Charles Babbage in the 19th century.

In 1937, a significant theoretical foundation for computer science was laid by mathematician Alan Turing. He introduced the concept of the Turing machine, which is a mathematical model that defines an abstract machine capable of performing computations. This model serves as a fundamental concept in computer science, providing a framework for understanding algorithmic processes and the limits of what can be computed. Additionally, in the same era, Claude Shannon was also making strides in the field of information theory.