SAMPA, which stands for Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet, is a phonetic transcription system designed for representing the sounds of spoken language in a machine-readable format. It was developed in the 1990s as part of a collaborative effort to create a standardized way to encode phonetic sounds for various applications, such as speech recognition, synthesis, and linguistic research.

The year 1991 was significant in the history of computing for several key events and developments: 1. **Linux**: One of the most notable events of 1991 was the release of the first version of the Linux kernel by Linus Torvalds. On September 17, 1991, Torvalds announced the first official version (0.

The 1990s were a transformative decade for the video game industry, marked by significant technological advancements, the rise of iconic franchises, and the establishment of a mainstream gaming culture. Here are some key highlights from that era: ### Early 1990s - **16-bit Era**: The early part of the decade was dominated by 16-bit consoles like the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) and the Sega Genesis.

Augustus Trowbridge could refer to specific individuals, but there isn't a widely known figure by that name in mainstream history or contemporary culture as of my last update in October 2023.

Edward Bouchet was an influential African American physicist and educator, born on September 15, 1852, in New Haven, Connecticut. He is notably recognized as the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from an American university, which he received from Yale University in 1876. His dissertation focused on the study of geometrical optics.

Wilhelm Röntgen was a German physicist best known for his discovery of X-rays, a groundbreaking development in the field of medical imaging. Born on March 27, 1845, Röntgen made his famous discovery in 1895 while experimenting with cathode rays. He observed that a fluorescent screen in his laboratory began to glow even when it was several feet away from the cathode ray tube, leading him to conclude that a new type of ray was being emitted.

Joseph Henry was an American scientist and one of the foremost pioneers in the field of electromagnetism. Born on December 17, 1797, in Albany, New York, he made significant contributions to the understanding of electromagnetic induction, self-induction, and mutual induction. Henry discovered that electric currents could induce magnetic fields and that changing magnetic fields could induce electric currents—principles that would later be fundamental to the development of electrical engineering and technology.

Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929) was an Austrian scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur known for his significant contributions to chemistry and engineering. He is particularly famous for his work with rare earth metals and their compounds. One of his most notable achievements was the invention of the gas mantle in 1885, which improved the efficiency and brightness of gas lighting.

David Brewster (1781–1868) was a Scottish physicist, inventor, and writer known for his work in the field of optics. He is perhaps best remembered for his invention of the polarizing microscope and significant contributions to the study of light and polarization. Brewster also made important advancements in the understanding of diffraction and was involved in the development of the kaleidoscope, which he patented in 1817.

Katherine Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) was a significant figure in the 19th century, primarily known for being the wife of the famous physicist James Clerk Maxwell. While Katherine herself was not a scientist, she played an important supportive role in her husband's work and was influential in his life and career. She was born Katherine Mary Dewar in India and grew up in Scotland.

William Crookes (1832–1919) was a prominent English chemist and physicist known for his work in a variety of fields, including chemistry, physics, and the study of psychic phenomena. He is perhaps best known for the invention of the Crookes tube, an early experimental electrical discharge tube that played a significant role in the development of atomic physics and the study of cathode rays, which eventually led to the discovery of electrons by J.J. Thomson.

As of my last update in October 2023, Martin Hoek is not a widely recognized individual or term associated with significant events or phenomena. It is possible that he could be a private individual, a relatively obscure figure, or a topic that has gained relevance after my last update.

Gaston Planté was a French engineer and inventor, best known for creating the first rechargeable lead-acid battery in 1859. His invention laid the foundation for modern battery technology. The Planté battery featured lead electrodes and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte, which allowed it to be recharged and reused multiple times, unlike the primary (non-rechargeable) batteries that were available at the time.

Eugen von Lommel is a German physician and researcher known for his work in the field of near-death experiences (NDEs). He has conducted research and written extensively on the phenomenology of NDEs, exploring their implications for understanding consciousness and the nature of life after death. His work often combines scientific inquiry with a philosophical perspective on the experiences of individuals who have had NDEs.

Louis Daguerre (1787–1851) was a French artist and photographer, best known for his invention of the daguerreotype, one of the first practical methods of photographic imaging. He collaborated with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, who created one of the earliest known photographs, but after Niépce's death, Daguerre continued to develop the process on his own.

Marie Curie refers to Marie Curie (1867–1934), a pioneering physicist and chemist known for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields: Physics (1903, which she shared with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel) and Chemistry (1911).

Pierre Curie (1859–1906) was a French physicist best known for his work on radioactivity, a term that he coined. He was born in Paris and developed a strong interest in science from an early age. Along with his wife, Marie Curie, he conducted groundbreaking research on radioactive elements, particularly on polonium and radium.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, Caspar Isenkrahe does not appear to be a widely recognized figure or term in public discourse, media, or literature. It's possible that it may refer to a lesser-known individual, a fictional character, or a specific term from a niche subject area.

Heinrich Wilhelm Dove was a prominent German meteorologist and physicist known for his contributions to the field of meteorology. He was born on January 18, 1803, and passed away on March 4, 1879. Dove is particularly recognized for his work on atmospheric phenomena and for formulating the concept of the "Dove's Law," which describes the behavior of air masses and their interactions.