Samarium hexaboride (SmB6) is a compound composed of samarium, a rare-earth element, and boron. It crystallizes in a complex cubic structure and is noted for its notable electronic properties. SmB6 is particularly interesting to researchers because it exhibits behavior characteristic of a topological insulator. In its bulk form, SmB6 is an insulator at low temperatures, but it has metallic-like surface states that can conduct electricity.

The Tesla coil, an electrical resonant transformer circuit, was invented by the Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla in 1891. Its development marked a significant breakthrough in electrical engineering and has since had lasting implications in various fields, including radio technology, wireless transmission, and even modern entertainment. ### Early Development 1. **Nikola Tesla (1856-1943)**: - Born in what is now Croatia, Tesla moved to the United States in 1884.

The history of the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is marked by significant advancements in materials science and engineering, influenced by the energy demands of portable electronics and electric vehicles. Here’s a brief timeline of key developments: ### 1970s: - **Discovery of Lithium as a Battery Material:** Researchers began exploring lithium as a potential anode material due to its high electrochemical potential and energy density.

He Zehui (何则辉) is a notable Chinese mathematician, recognized for her contributions in the field of mathematics, particularly in the area of algebra and its applications. Born in 1927, she made significant advancements in mathematical research throughout her career. He Zehui is known for being one of the first female mathematicians in China to gain prominence in the academic community. She has also been influential in education, mentoring many students and contributing to the development of mathematics education in China.

"Al-Haqq" is one of the names of God (Allah) in Islam, typically translated as "The Truth." In Islamic theology, God is considered the ultimate source of truth and reality. The term conveys the idea of divine justice, righteousness, and the enduring nature of truth as opposed to falsehood. In a broader context, "al-Haqq" can also refer to truth in various dimensions, encompassing moral and existential realities that are unchanging and reflect God's nature.

Lists of banned books typically refer to compilations of books that have been prohibited or challenged in certain educational institutions, libraries, or communities due to their content, themes, or messages. Reasons for banning books can vary widely and may include issues related to language, sexual content, violence, political viewpoints, or social issues. Banned books lists often highlight works that have been the subject of controversy and censorship, usually in schools or public libraries.

In cosmogony, "Chaos" refers to a primordial state of existence from which the universe and all things within it arise. This concept appears in various mythologies and philosophical systems, often representing a formless or void-like condition that precedes the creation of order and structure in the cosmos. In ancient Greek mythology, for example, Chaos is often depicted as a yawning void or a primal state of nothingness, from which the first deities and elements emerged.

Renée Hložek is an astrophysicist known for her work in the field of cosmology, particularly in studying the large-scale structure of the universe, dark energy, and gravitational waves. She is an associate professor at the University of Toronto. Hložek has contributed to significant research projects and collaborations that aim to deepen our understanding of the universe and its underlying mechanisms. She has also been active in promoting diversity and inclusion in the sciences.

Mongolian cosmogony refers to the traditional beliefs and narratives of the origin and structure of the universe as understood by the Mongolian people. It encompasses a variety of myths, legends, and cosmological ideas that explain how the world, the heavens, and humanity came to be. Central to Mongolian cosmogony are concepts involving the dualities of the natural world, often represented in a balance between opposites such as earth and sky, light and darkness, and male and female.

Pherecydes of Syros was an ancient Greek philosopher and theologian, traditionally dated to the 6th century BCE. He is considered one of the earliest figures in the development of philosophical thought in ancient Greece, particularly notable for his contributions to the understanding of cosmogony, which is the study of the origin and evolution of the universe. Pherecydes is particularly important for introducing the idea of a divine principle in his cosmology, which combined elements of mythology and philosophy.

Ancient Greek cosmologists were philosophers and thinkers in ancient Greece who sought to understand the nature of the universe, its origins, structure, and fundamental laws. They laid the groundwork for many modern scientific principles and theories. Their inquiries encompassed both physical phenomena and metaphysical considerations, blending observations of the natural world with philosophical speculation. Key figures in Ancient Greek cosmology include: 1. **Thales of Miletus (c.

John Hartnett is an Australian astrophysicist known for his work in the field of cosmology, particularly within the context of creation science. He is associated with a young Earth creationist perspective, which posits that the Earth and the universe are significantly younger than mainstream science suggests. Hartnett has been involved in research related to the cosmic microwave background radiation and has published papers that challenge the conventional understanding of cosmology.

Michał Heller is a prominent Polish philosopher, theologian, and cosmologist known for his work at the intersection of science and religion. He was born on July 22, 1936, in Poland and has made significant contributions to the philosophy of science, particularly in relation to the cosmological implications of modern physics. Heller is known for exploring the implications of modern cosmological theories on philosophical and theological questions, such as the nature of the universe and the existence of God.

CP/M, which stands for Control Program for Microcomputers, is an operating system developed in the 1970s by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. It was widely used on early microcomputers and played a significant role in the software ecosystem of that era. CP/M files are files created and managed in the CP/M operating system environment. They typically include: 1. **Executable Files**: These are binary files (with extensions like `.COM` or `.

The concepts of the beginning and end of the universe are central questions in cosmology and have intrigued scientists, philosophers, and theologians for centuries. ### The Beginning of the Universe The prevailing scientific explanation for the beginning of the universe is the **Big Bang Theory**. According to this model: - **Singularity**: The universe began about 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot, dense point known as a singularity.

The Homunculus argument is a philosophical thought experiment often discussed in the context of consciousness, understanding, and the nature of the mind. It is primarily associated with critiques of reductive explanations of mental processes, particularly those that attempt to explain complex mental phenomena in terms of simpler or more fundamenta components. The term "homunculus" refers to a "little man" or a miniature human that is imagined to reside within the mind and carry out mental processes.

Pi (π) is a mathematical constant that represents the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed as a simple fraction and has a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal representation. The value of Pi is approximately 3.14159, but it extends infinitely beyond the decimal point. Pi is widely used in mathematics, physics, engineering, and various fields that involve circular or cyclical phenomena.

Cryptography contests are competitions designed to challenge participants in the field of cryptography, which is the study and practice of securing communication and information through encoding and decoding techniques. These contests often involve solving cryptographic problems, cracking codes, and developing secure algorithms. There are various types of cryptography contests, including: 1. **Capture the Flag (CTF)**: These events typically involve a series of challenges that participants must solve to earn points.