Horn-satisfiability is a special case of propositional satisfiability in the field of computational logic and artificial intelligence. It deals specifically with Horn clauses, which are a particular type of logical expressions. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Horn Clauses**: A Horn clause is a disjunction (logical OR) of literals (variables or their negations) with at most one positive literal.

Avicenna, also known as Ibn Sina (c. 980–1037), was a Persian polymath who made significant contributions to various fields, including medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. He is best known for his works in medicine, particularly "The Canon of Medicine" (Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb), which was a comprehensive medical encyclopedia that served as a standard medical text in Europe and the Islamic world for several centuries.

Logical Methods in Computer Science (LMCS) is an academic journal that focuses on the intersection of logic and computer science. It publishes high-quality research articles that explore the application of logical methods and formal techniques in various areas of computer science, including but not limited to: 1. **Automated Theorem Proving**: Utilizing logical methods to develop algorithms that can automatically prove or disprove mathematical theorems. 2. **Formal Verification**: The process of verifying that a system (e.g.

Alastair Hannay is a prominent British philosopher, known mainly for his work in the fields of philosophy of mind, ethics, and existentialism. He has made significant contributions to the study of the works of existentialist philosophers, particularly Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche. Hannay has published numerous academic papers and books, exploring themes such as subjectivity, freedom, and the nature of existence.

It seems there might be a small mix-up in your query. You might be referring to Shoshana Zuboff, who is a prominent American author, scholar, and thought leader known for her work on the social, economic, and psychological implications of digital technology.

David H. M. Brooks could refer to a specific individual in various contexts, but without additional context, it's challenging to pinpoint exactly who you're asking about. There may be multiple people with that name, each distinguished by their respective fields, such as academia, literature, business, or other professions. If you were referencing a specific David H. M.

David M. Rosenthal is an American philosopher known for his work in the philosophy of mind, particularly in areas concerning consciousness, perception, and the nature of mental states. He is notable for developing the "higher-order thought" (HOT) theory of consciousness, which posits that a person is conscious of a mental state if they have a higher-order thought about that state. In other words, a person is aware of their thoughts or experiences when they have thoughts about those thoughts.

Evelyn Pluhar could refer to various subjects, but without more specific context, it's not clear what or who you're referring to. It's possible that she is a lesser-known figure, or there may be public or private individuals with that name.

Everett Dean Martin (1885–1968) was an American philosopher and scholar known for his contributions to the fields of education, philosophy, and human development. He is particularly noted for his work in the area of educational philosophy and his influence on progressive education. Martin emphasized the importance of experiential learning and the development of critical thinking skills in education. In addition to his work in philosophy and education, Martin also wrote extensively on the philosophy of religion and the role of ethics in human behavior.

A precondition is a condition or requirement that must be satisfied or fulfilled before a certain action or function can be executed or a particular scenario can take place. In programming and software development, preconditions are often used to specify the necessary state of the system or inputs required for a function or method to perform correctly. For example, in a function that calculates the square root of a number, a precondition might be that the input number must be non-negative.

In mathematical logic, \( Q_0 \) typically refers to a specific formal system or fragment within the broader context of arithmetic or set theory. Specifically, \( Q_0 \) might denote the system of **primitive recursive arithmetic**, which consists of the primitive recursive functions and the axioms necessary to reason about them.

Type-1 Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) operators are a generalization of traditional averaging operators that are used in decision-making processes, particularly in the context of fuzzy logic and uncertainty. The OWA operator was introduced by Ronald R. Yager in the 1980s. ### Key Features of Type-1 OWA Operators: 1. **Ordered Weighted Averaging**: OWA operators allow for the aggregation of input values by first ordering them and then taking a weighted sum.

Formal methods tools are software applications and frameworks that apply formal methods—mathematical techniques for specifying, developing, and verifying software and systems—to help ensure their correctness, reliability, and security. These tools are particularly valuable in systems where failures can have significant consequences, such as in aerospace, automotive, telecommunications, and safety-critical applications. Here are some key aspects of formal methods tools: 1. **Specification**: Tools help in creating precise mathematical models of systems or software.

Dependability refers to the quality of being trustworthy and reliable. It encompasses several attributes, including: 1. **Reliability**: The ability of a system to perform its intended functions consistently over time without failure. In technical contexts, this often refers to how well systems can operate under specified conditions. 2. **Availability**: This aspect deals with the readiness of a system when needed. High availability means that a system is operational and accessible when required.

Dynamic Timing Verification (DTV) is a technique used in the field of digital circuit design and verification to analyze and confirm that a design meets its timing requirements during operation. Unlike static timing analysis, which checks timing across all possible input combinations using worst-case scenarios, DTV focuses on validating timing behavior under actual operating conditions and specific input sequences, typically in a pre-silicon verification setting.

Model-based specification is a technique used in system and software engineering that involves creating abstract representations or models of a system to define, analyze, and verify its functions and requirements. These models serve as a blueprint for understanding how the system should behave, its structure, and its interactions with other systems or components. ### Key Aspects of Model-based Specification: 1. **Abstraction**: It allows the complex details of a system to be abstracted out, focusing instead on high-level requirements and behaviors.

Robbins algebra is a type of algebraic structure that arises in the study of Boolean algebras and is associated with the work of the American mathematician Herbert Robbins. It is defined by a particular set of operations and axioms. The key characteristics of Robbins algebra are: 1. **Operations**: It typically includes at least two binary operations, usually denoted as \( \cdot \) (for conjunction or multiplication) and \( + \) (for disjunction or addition).

A troland (symbol: Td) is a unit of measurement used in vision science to quantify the luminous intensity of light that strikes the retina. It is defined as the illuminance (in lux) that produces a specific luminance (in candelas per square meter) in the retina when viewed through a standard observer's pupil, which typically has a diameter of 7 millimeters.

Friedrich Kambartel was a German philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of language, epistemology, and the philosophy of science. He is noted for his contributions to the understanding of linguistic meaning, reference, and the nature of scientific theories. He engaged with the works of notable philosophers and added his perspectives on issues related to language and knowledge.

Ingo Brigandt is a philosopher known for his work in the fields of philosophy of biology and philosophy of science. His research often explores topics related to the nature of biological categories, the concepts of species, and the implications of evolutionary theory for understanding biological kinds. Brigandt has engaged with issues such as the implications of developmental biology, the role of genetics in species classification, and the philosophical treatment of biological questions.