The term "British historians of mathematics" generally refers to scholars and researchers in the United Kingdom who study the history of mathematics and its development over time. This field encompasses the examination of mathematical concepts, the lives and contributions of mathematicians, the evolution of mathematical theories, and the impact of mathematical thought on society and culture.

The term "Swiss historians of mathematics" typically refers to scholars from Switzerland who specialize in the study and research of the history of mathematics. This field encompasses a wide range of activities, including the examination of historical mathematical texts, the development of mathematical ideas and theories over time, and the context in which these developments occurred, both culturally and intellectually. Swiss historians of mathematics might explore various topics such as: - The contributions of Swiss mathematicians to the development of mathematical theories and concepts.

Computing in the Soviet Union refers to the development and use of computer technology in the USSR from the early days of computing in the 1950s until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The history of computing in the Soviet Union is characterized by a unique combination of state control, military focus, and gradual technological advancements, despite a general lag behind Western developments in the field.

The 21st century in computing is characterized by rapid advancements in technology and a significant transformation in how we interact with and utilize computers. Some key highlights of this era include: 1. **Internet and Connectivity**: The widespread adoption of the internet transformed computing, enabling global connectivity, access to vast amounts of information, and the rise of online services and social media platforms. 2. **Mobile Computing**: The proliferation of smartphones and tablets revolutionized personal computing.

The history of software is a fascinating journey that reflects the evolution of computers and technology. Here's an overview of the key milestones in the development of software: ### 1. **Early Beginnings (1940s-1950s)** - **Theoretical Foundations**: The concepts of algorithms and computation were described by mathematicians like Alan Turing and John von Neumann in the 1930s and 1940s.

The history of computers can be structured by century, focusing on key developments, innovations, and milestones that contributed to the evolution of computer technology. Here’s a brief overview, organized by century: ### 17th Century - **Mathematical Devices**: Development of mechanical calculators. Notable figures include: - **Blaise Pascal**: Developed the Pascaline, an early mechanical calculator (1642).

Chris J. L. Doran is a notable figure in the fields of artificial intelligence and computer science, particularly known for his work in areas such as machine learning, knowledge representation, and reasoning. He has contributed to various research projects and publications within these domains. However, there might be many individuals with that name, so if you're looking for information on a specific Chris J. L. Doran or a particular aspect of his work, please provide more context!

A number bond is a visual representation that helps illustrate the relationship between a whole number and its parts. Typically, a number bond consists of a circle in the center that represents the whole number, with lines connecting it to two (or more) circles that represent the parts that add up to the whole.

The term "parity" generally refers to the evenness or oddness of a number. In mathematical terms, zero is considered an even number. This is because even numbers can be defined as integers that are divisible by 2, and since \(0 \div 2 = 0\), it satisfies the condition for being even. Thus, the parity of zero is even.

Non-classical logic refers to a variety of logical systems that diverge from classical logic, which typically includes propositional logic and first-order predicate logic. Classical logic is characterized by principles like the law of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle. Non-classical logics, however, introduce alternative principles or modify existing ones to address specific philosophical, mathematical, or practical concerns.

Foundational quantum physics is a branch of quantum mechanics that focuses on the fundamental concepts, principles, and interpretations of quantum theory. It seeks to answer deep questions about the nature of reality as described by quantum mechanics, the behavior of quantum systems, and the implications of quantum phenomena. Key topics in foundational quantum physics include: 1. **Quantum States and Measurement**: Exploring the nature of quantum states, the process of measurement, and the observers' role in determining the outcome of measurements.

The Angle Bisector Theorem is a fundamental principle in geometry that relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the segments created by an angle bisector.

In the field of physics, "obsolete theories" refer to scientific frameworks, models, or hypotheses that were once widely accepted but are no longer considered valid or accurate due to new evidence, advancements in understanding, or the development of more comprehensive theories. These theories may have provided valuable insights during their time and contributed to the progress of the science, but advancements in experimental techniques, new discoveries, or conflicting evidence have rendered them incorrect or incomplete.