Landolt–Börnstein is a comprehensive series of reference works that provide data on the physical and chemical properties of materials. It is published by Springer and is part of the "New Series" of Landolt–Börnstein, which has its roots in earlier works initiated by Hans Landolt and Richard Börnstein in the early 20th century.

The Hume-Rothery rules are guidelines used to predict the solubility limits of one metal in another, particularly in alloy formation. These rules help in understanding the conditions under which two metals can mix or form solid solutions. The Hume-Rothery rules are based on several criteria, which can be summarized as follows: 1. **Atomic Size Factor**: The atomic radii of the two metals should not differ by more than about 15%.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of materials characterized by their unique structure, which is stabilized primarily by hydrogen bonding interactions between organic molecules. Unlike traditional covalent or ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, but they can collectively provide significant stability and structural integrity to the framework.

Hydrogenography is not a widely recognized term in scientific literature or common usage as of my last update in October 2023. However, it appears to be a blend of the words "hydrogen" and "photography," often associated with techniques or methods involving the visualization or analysis of hydrogen in various contexts, particularly in scientific or industrial settings. If the term has evolved or gained specific meaning after 2023, it could relate to a particular technique or field of study.

The term "indentation size effect" refers to the phenomenon observed in materials, especially in the field of materials science and mechanical engineering, where the hardness and mechanical properties of a material depend on the size of the indentation made by a hard indenter. This effect is particularly significant in small-scale testing methods such as nanoindentation.

Industrial computed tomography (ICT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique that utilizes X-rays or gamma rays to create detailed 3D images of the internal structures of an object. This technology is widely used in various industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and medical devices, to inspect, analyze, and evaluate the integrity of components and materials without causing any damage to them.

The Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung (Institute for Plastics Processing), often abbreviated as IKV, is a research institution in Germany that specializes in the study and advancement of plastics processing technologies. Located in Aachen, the IKV is part of the RWTH Aachen University and serves as a hub for research, development, and education in the field of plastics engineering. The institute focuses on various aspects of plastics processing, including injection molding, extrusion, thermoforming, and additive manufacturing, among others.

Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) is an interdisciplinary approach that combines materials science, engineering, and computational modeling to design and optimize materials and their processing. The goal of ICME is to achieve a more efficient and innovative materials development process by integrating simulations and computational techniques at various stages of the materials lifecycle, from design to manufacturing to performance assessment.

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are advanced materials that exhibit the ability to change their mechanical properties in response to an applied magnetic field. They are a type of smart material that combines traditional elastomers (like rubber) with magnetorheological (MR) particles, typically made of magnetically susceptible materials such as iron or cobalt.

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) is a set of analytical techniques that utilize ion beams to investigate the composition and structure of materials. It involves bombarding a sample with high-energy ions, which can induce various interactions with the atoms in the sample. These interactions can produce secondary particles, X-rays, or backscattered ions, which can be detected and analyzed to provide information about the material's elemental composition, thickness, and structural properties.

Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) is a sophisticated analytical technique used to study the composition and properties of materials at the atomic level. It involves the use of nuclear reactions to analyze the concentration and distribution of specific elements or isotopes within a sample. The method typically employs high-energy ions, such as protons or alpha particles, which are directed at the sample.

An Ohmic contact is a type of electrical contact that allows current to flow easily in both directions with minimal resistance. It is characterized by a linear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, which means that the current flowing through the contact is directly proportional to the applied voltage. This behavior is in contrast to rectifying contacts, which only allow current to flow in one direction.

Gerald Leroy Fowler appears to be a name that may not be widely recognized in popular or historical contexts. Without additional context or details, it is challenging to provide specific information about this individual.

The Langmuir adsorption model is a theoretical framework used to describe the adsorption of molecules onto solid surfaces. Developed by Irving Langmuir in the 1910s, this model is especially applicable for monolayer adsorption, where it is assumed that adsorption sites on the surface are uniform and that each site can hold only one adsorbate molecule.

The Larson–Miller relation is an empirical relationship used in materials science and engineering to estimate the high-temperature creep life of a material, particularly metals and alloys. It is particularly useful in predicting the time-to-fracture under conditions of both high temperature and stress.

The Lever Rule is a principle used in materials science and thermodynamics to determine the relative amounts of different phases in a two-phase system at equilibrium. It is particularly useful in the context of phase diagrams, such as binary alloy phase diagrams, where two phases coexist at a specific temperature and composition. The basic idea of the Lever Rule is based on the balance of masses between the two phases. When two phases are present, their compositions can be determined from the phase diagram.

Liquidus and solidus are terms used in materials science, particularly in phase diagrams and the study of phase transitions in substances, especially alloys and melts. 1. **Liquidus**: The liquidus is the temperature above which a material is entirely in the liquid state. Below this temperature, solid phases begin to form as the material cools. In a phase diagram, the liquidus line represents the boundary between the fully liquid phase and the mixture of liquid and solid phases.

There are several software tools available for modeling nanostructures that cater to various aspects like electronic properties, molecular dynamics, geometry optimization, and more. Here are some of the popular options: 1. **Quantum ESPRESSO**: An integrated suite for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling at the nanoscale based on density functional theory (DFT).

Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) is a surface analysis technique used to study the composition, structure, and properties of the outermost layers of solid materials. In LEIS, low-energy ions (typically in the range of a few keV) are directed at a sample surface. The interaction between the ions and the atoms in the surface leads to scattering events that can be analyzed to provide information about the surface composition and arrangement of atoms.