A capillary surface refers to the surface of a liquid that is influenced by capillary forces, which arise from the interactions between the liquid and a solid surface (or between different fluids). This concept is often discussed in the context of fluid mechanics and physics, particularly when considering the behavior of liquids in small spaces or near solid boundaries.

Electrodipping force refers to the force exerted on charged particles or colloidal particles in an electric field. This phenomenon is commonly observed in processes such as electrophoresis, where charged particles move under the influence of an electric field, and in the context of electrokinetic effects. In the process of electrodipping, a mixture of charged particles is subjected to an electric field, which causes the particles to migrate towards the oppositely charged electrode.

Fluid kinematics is the branch of fluid mechanics that focuses on the motion of fluids (liquids and gases) without considering the forces that cause the motion. It is essentially concerned with describing and analyzing the flow patterns, velocities, and trajectories of fluid particles. Key concepts in fluid kinematics include: 1. **Flow Field**: A representation of the velocity of fluid particles at various points in space at a given time.

Nanofluids are engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in conventional heat transfer fluids, such as water, ethylene glycol, or oil. When nanoparticles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in size, are dispersed in these fluids, they can significantly enhance the thermal conductivity and heat transfer characteristics compared to the base fluid alone.

A Palmer-Bowlus flume is a type of flow measuring device used primarily for open channel flow measurement. It is designed to precisely measure the flow rate of water in rivers, streams, and other open channels. The flume has a distinctive shaped profile, typically resembling a parabolic or trapezoidal channel, which helps in managing the water flow and creating a specific head-relationship for accurate measurement.

Stagnation point flow refers to a specific flow condition around an object where the fluid velocity becomes zero at a particular point. This typically occurs at points on the surface of the object where the flow slows down to a standstill due to the presence of the object, even as the fluid moves past it. In fluid dynamics, a classic example of stagnation points can be found in the flow around streamlined bodies, such as airfoils or aerodynamic shapes.

"Tears of wine" is a term used to describe the phenomenon observed when wine is swirled in a glass and leaves droplets or streaks on the inner surface of the glass. This is often considered a sensory characteristic of wine and is sometimes indicative of its viscosity or alcohol content. In technical terms, the "tears" are a result of the wine's surface tension combined with the effects of evaporation as it interacts with the glass.

An ultrasonic nozzle is a device that uses ultrasonic vibrations to create fine droplets from a liquid. It operates by applying high-frequency sound waves (ultrasonics) to a liquid, which causes the liquid to break up into small droplets or aerosols. This technology is commonly found in various applications, including: 1. **Spraying**: Ultrasonic nozzles can create a finely atomized spray for purposes such as coating, painting, or humidification.

The Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is a numerical approach used for solving differential equations, particularly suited for hyperbolic and elliptic problems. It combines features of both finite element and finite volume methods, and it is particularly effective for problems involving wave propagation, fluid dynamics, and more complex PDEs.

Finite Element Updating (FEU) is a methodology used in structural analysis, particularly in the context of dynamic systems and model validation. It involves the revision of a finite element model based on experimental or field data to improve the accuracy of the model's predictions. This process typically includes: 1. **Model Validation**: The initial finite element model is created based on theoretical principles and design parameters.

Grid classification is a technique used in various fields, including data analysis and machine learning, to categorize data points based on a grid structure. The concept can be applied in different contexts, but it generally involves dividing the data space into distinct regions, or "grids," to facilitate the categorization of data points.

Nanowire lasers are a type of laser that utilize nanowire structures as the gain medium. These nanowires, typically made from semiconductor materials, have diameters on the nanometer scale (usually between a few tens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers) and can be several micrometers long.

The Spectral Element Method (SEM) is a numerical technique used for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), particularly in the field of computational fluid dynamics, structural analysis, and wave propagation problems. It combines features from both spectral methods and finite element methods to provide a powerful tool for high-accuracy simulations.

VisualFEA is a software tool designed for finite element analysis (FEA). It provides a user-friendly graphical interface that allows users to create, modify, and analyze finite element models easily. The software typically includes features such as mesh generation, material property assignment, boundary condition application, and the ability to visualize results from simulations. VisualFEA is often used in various engineering fields, including structural, mechanical, and civil engineering, to study the behavior of structures under different loads and conditions.

Firefighting foam is a substance used to extinguish fires, especially those involving flammable liquids such as oil and gasoline. It works by forming a barrier between the fuel and the fire, effectively suppressing the flames and preventing the release of flammable vapors. Firefighting foams generally consist of three main components: a foam concentrate, water, and, in some cases, air. The foam concentrate is mixed with water to create the foam solution.

Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) are a class of high-performance materials characterized by their unique molecular structure, which can exhibit liquid-crystalline properties. These polymers possess both liquid and crystalline characteristics, allowing them to flow like a liquid while maintaining a degree of ordered structure similar to that of a crystal.

API-TC (Application Programming Interface - Technical Committee) typically refers to a group or committee focused on developing and maintaining standards, guidelines, and practices for application programming interfaces (APIs). The specific focus and activities of an API-TC can vary depending on the organization it is part of, such as an industry consortium, standards organization, or technology think tank.

Perfluoropolyether (PFPE) is a synthetic compound belonging to the family of perfluorocarbon compounds. It is characterized by a molecular structure that consists of a polymer backbone made up of repeating units of ether (-O-) and carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds.

Copper-64 (^64Cu) is a radioactive isotope of copper. It has a total of 29 protons and 35 neutrons in its nucleus. Copper-64 is notable for its applications in both nuclear medicine and scientific research. ### Key Characteristics: - **Half-life**: The half-life of Copper-64 is approximately 12.7 hours, which makes it suitable for certain medical applications where a shorter-lived isotope is beneficial.

Iridium-192 (Ir-192) is a radioactive isotope of the element iridium, which has the atomic number 77. It is part of the platinum group of metals and has various applications due to its radioactive properties. Iridium-192 is produced through the neutron activation of iridium-191, which is a stable isotope. ### Key Characteristics: - **Half-life:** Iridium-192 has a half-life of approximately 73.