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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ii Paper 4 25F ii by
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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ii Paper 4 24I Solution by
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Choose a nonconstant rational function on . Functions in are integral over a finite-dimensional bounded-pole space over ; equivalently, evaluation of sufficiently many principal parts embeds into a finite-dimensional vector space. Hence is finite dimensional.
If , multiplication by gives the isomorphism . A canonical divisor is the divisor of a nonzero rational differential. Riemann-Roch theorem says . Taking gives , hence .
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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ii Paper 4 1I Solution by
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Legendre formula giveswhose summands are zero or one. If the sum is at least , some nonzero summand has index , whence .
Grouping the von Mangoldt function by prime givesEvery prime-power contribution to occurs in by the first part. Finally , so .
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Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2021 ii Paper 4 17G Solution by
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Hall marriage theorem states that a bipartite graph with parts has a matching saturating iff for every . Starting with a maximum matching, an unmatched vertex and its alternating reachable set would violate Hall unless an augmenting path exists; flipping along that path increases the matching, proving sufficiency.
Every vertex cover meets each edge of a matching, so . Endpoints of a maximal matching cover every edge, so . A disjoint union of triangles has . For , and . In bipartite graphs the alternating-path proof constructs a cover of size equal to a maximum matching, giving König theorem.
The chromatic index is the minimum number of matchings partitioning the edges. Label vertices of by the vector space over ; for each nonzero , pair with . These perfect matchings partition all edges, while degree gives the matching lower bound, so .
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