Mesoscale meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena that occur at a scale ranging from approximately 1 to 1,000 kilometers (0.6 to 620 miles). This discipline focuses on the interactions and processes that take place in the atmosphere over this intermediate range, which is larger than individual weather events (microscale) but smaller than large-scale systems such as cyclones and anticyclones.

Biometeorology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms, particularly focusing on how weather and climate variables affect biological processes. This branch of science integrates concepts from meteorology, ecology, biology, and environmental science to understand how atmospheric conditions influence the health, behavior, distribution, and productivity of plants, animals, and humans.

Meteorologists are scientists who study the Earth's atmosphere and weather patterns. They analyze data related to atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and pressure, to understand and predict weather events. Meteorologists use a variety of tools and technologies, including satellites, radar systems, and computer models, to make forecasts and provide information about current weather conditions. Their work is essential for various sectors, including agriculture, transportation, emergency management, and environmental protection.

Meteorology competitions are events designed to challenge participants in their understanding of atmospheric sciences, weather analysis, forecasting, and related fields. These competitions can take various forms, including: 1. **Forecasting Competitions**: Participants make weather forecasts for specific locations or regions over a set period. They may be judged based on the accuracy of their predictions compared to actual weather conditions.

E. Virginia Armbrust is a notable figure in the field of marine science, particularly known for her work in biological oceanography. She has made significant contributions to understanding phytoplankton dynamics and the role of these organisms in ocean ecosystems. Armbrust has been involved in various research initiatives and has published extensively on topics related to ocean health, climate change, and the impact of human activities on marine environments.

Marine mucilage is a gelatinous substance produced by various marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton, bacteria, and certain macroalgae. It consists primarily of organic compounds, including polysaccharides and proteins, and can accumulate in marine environments under specific conditions.

Marine vertebrates are animals that possess a backbone (vertebral column) and live primarily in ocean or sea environments. This group includes a diverse range of species that are adapted to marine habitats. The main classes of marine vertebrates are: 1. **Fish**: This group includes both bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), such as sharks and rays. Fish are the most diverse and abundant group of marine vertebrates.

Minimum depth of occurrence (MDO) typically refers to the shallowest depth at which a particular species or resource is found in a given environment, such as aquatic ecosystems, geological formations, or geographical areas. In ecology and environmental science, understanding the minimum depth of occurrence can provide insights into species distribution, habitat preferences, and ecological relationships.

GEOTRACES is an international research program aimed at understanding the trace elements and isotopes in the ocean and their roles in marine biogeochemistry. Launched in 2004, the program focuses on the distribution and cycling of trace elements such as metals and nutrients, which are essential for marine organisms and ecological processes but are often present in very low concentrations.

Sea salt aerosol refers to tiny particles or droplets that originate from the ocean and are composed primarily of salt, mainly sodium chloride (NaCl), along with a mix of other compounds such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium salts. These aerosols are created through various processes, primarily the breaking of ocean waves which generates bubbles that burst at the surface, releasing salt particles into the atmosphere. Sea salt aerosols play a significant role in the Earth's climate and atmospheric chemistry.

Total boron typically refers to the total concentration of boron present in a sample, which can include various forms such as boric acid, borate, and other boron compounds. In environmental science, chemistry, and geological studies, measuring total boron is important for understanding its presence and effects in ecosystems, water sources, and soil.

The Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation is a formula used in physical chemistry and isotopic chemistry to relate the equilibrium constants of chemical reactions involving isotopes to the differences in their vibrational energies. It provides a way to understand and quantify the isotopic effects that occur in chemical reactions, particularly the fractionation of isotopes. This equation is particularly useful in studying the behavior of molecules containing different isotopes of elements, such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Bottom water refers to the colder, denser water that resides at the bottom of a body of water, such as an ocean, sea, or lake. This water is generally characterized by its lower temperature and higher salinity compared to surface water. In oceanography, the term is often used to describe water that is found in deep ocean basins, particularly in the context of thermohaline circulation, where differences in temperature and salinity drive water movement.

A "kolk" (also spelled "colk") is a geological term that refers to a specific type of whirlpool or vortex that occurs in rivers or lakes during flooding or high-flow conditions. It typically occurs when water flows around an obstruction, such as a large rock or a bend in the river, causing a circular motion in the water. This circular movement can lead to erosion as the water swirls around, pulling sediment and debris along with it.

The Club of Rome is a global think tank and organization established in 1968 that focuses on critical global issues, particularly those related to economic development, environmental sustainability, and social challenges. Founded by a group of international scientists, policymakers, and business leaders, the Club aims to promote a broader understanding of the complexities of global challenges and the interdependence of social, economic, and ecological systems.

Deep-sea exploration refers to the scientific investigation and study of the deep ocean, which includes the waters below 200 meters (656 feet) down to the ocean floor, often reaching depths of over 11,000 meters (36,000 feet) in places like the Mariana Trench. This area is less understood than outer space and is crucial for understanding Earth's climate, marine biodiversity, geology, and many other scientific disciplines.

The Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) is a research institute based in Flanders, Belgium, that focuses on marine and coastal research. Established in 2000, VLIZ aims to promote and facilitate scientific research in marine science and to enhance the sustainable use of marine resources. VLIZ acts as a knowledge hub, providing information and data related to the marine environment, supporting researchers and institutions, and fostering collaboration among various stakeholders in marine research.

InterRidge is an international organization that focuses on the study of mid-ocean ridges and related seafloor processes. It was established in 1992 to promote collaboration and coordination among scientists from various countries engaged in ridge research. The organization aims to enhance understanding of geological, biological, and chemical processes at mid-ocean ridges, which are significant geological features formed by tectonic activity.

The littoral zone is the nearshore area of a body of water, typically found along the edges of lakes, rivers, and oceans. It is characterized by shallow waters that are influenced by the surrounding land and often includes the area where sunlight penetrates to the bottom, allowing for plant growth.

Marine sediment refers to particles that settle and accumulate on the ocean floor. These sediments originate from various sources, including terrestrial processes (like weathering and erosion of rocks on land), biological activity (such as the remains of marine organisms), and chemical precipitation from seawater. Marine sediments can be classified into several types based on their composition and origin: 1. **Terrigenous Sediments**: These sediments are derived from land-based sources and are primarily composed of mineral particles from rocks and soils.