Nuclear test sites in Australia primarily refer to locations where nuclear weapons testing was conducted during the mid-20th century. The most significant of these sites are: 1. **Maralinga**: Located in South Australia, Maralinga was the primary site for British nuclear tests from 1956 to 1963. The tests conducted here included both atmospheric and underground detonations.

AUKUS is a trilateral security partnership formed by Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The agreement was announced in September 2021 and aims to strengthen cooperation among the three countries in various areas, particularly in defense and security. One of the most significant aspects of AUKUS is the agreement for Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines, leveraging advanced technologies and expertise from both the UK and the US.

Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) is a Canadian research facility located in Chalk River, Ontario. It is operated by Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) and plays a crucial role in nuclear research, technology development, and engineering. Established in 1944, CRL has been significant in various areas, including nuclear science, radiation research, and the development of various nuclear technologies. The facility is known for its research in nuclear reactor physics, materials science, and safety.

China has several companies engaged in nuclear technology, including those involved in the design, construction, operation, and research related to nuclear power plants, as well as nuclear fuel and waste management. Some of the prominent nuclear technology companies in China include: 1. **China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)**: CNNC is one of the largest state-owned companies in China's nuclear industry. It is involved in the development and construction of nuclear power plants, nuclear research, and the production of nuclear fuel.

The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) is a key research institution in China that focuses on nuclear science and technology. Established in 1955, it plays a significant role in the country's atomic energy research and development efforts. The institute is located in Beijing and is part of the broader framework of China's nuclear energy program. CIAE's research covers various areas including nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, radiation protection, and the development of nuclear reactors, among others.

The Chinese Nuclear Society (CNS) is a professional organization in China that focuses on the development and promotion of nuclear science and technology. Established in 1979, the society serves as a platform for professionals, scholars, and industry experts in the nuclear field to share knowledge, conduct research, and foster collaboration. CNS aims to advance the understanding and application of nuclear technology in various areas, including nuclear energy, medical applications, and radiation safety.

The National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA) is a line organization within the United States Department of Energy (DOE) that is responsible for enhancing national security through the military application of nuclear science. The NNSA was established in 2000 and plays a critical role in maintaining the safety, security, and effectiveness of the U.S. nuclear arsenal.

A Hot Laboratory and Waste Management Center is a specialized facility primarily focused on the safe handling, management, and disposal of radioactive materials and waste. These centers are critical in the fields of nuclear science, radiology, and other industries that utilize radioactive isotopes for medical, research, or industrial purposes. ### Key Functions: 1. **Hot Laboratory:** - **Handling Radioactive Materials:** Hot laboratories are equipped with shielding and containment systems to safely handle radioactive substances.

Japanese anti-nuclear weapons activists are individuals and organizations in Japan that advocate for the abolition of nuclear weapons and promote disarmament. This movement stems from Japan's unique historical context as the only country to have suffered nuclear bombings in warfare, specifically the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 during World War II. The catastrophic impact of these events has profoundly shaped public consciousness in Japan regarding nuclear weapons and their consequences.

France is home to several prominent nuclear research institutes, which are integral to the country's nuclear energy sector and broader scientific research. Some of the key institutions include: 1. **CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research)**: While primarily located near Geneva, Switzerland, CERN has significant French involvement and contribution. It focuses on particle physics and hosts some of the world's largest particle accelerators.

France has a well-established nuclear weapons program that has been in existence since the 1950s. The French government conducted its first successful nuclear test, code-named "Gerboise Bleue," in the Algerian desert on February 13, 1960. This marked France as the fourth country to develop and test nuclear weapons, following the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom.

Wendelstein 7-AS is a stellarator, which is a type of magnetic confinement device used in nuclear fusion research. Located in Germany at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, it serves as a test facility for the development and optimization of stellarator technologies. The name "Wendelstein" reflects the facility's location in the Wendelstein mountain region, and "7-AS" indicates that it is the seventh stellarator design in the series.

BBC China is a division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) that focuses on providing news and information about China as well as covering issues relevant to the Chinese-speaking community around the world. It produces content in Chinese, primarily in Mandarin, and operates platforms including a website and social media channels to engage audiences. BBC China offers news articles, videos, and analysis on various topics such as politics, economics, culture, and society in China.

The Mitsubishi APWR (Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor) is a type of nuclear reactor design developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan. It is a pressurized water reactor (PWR), which is one of the most common types of nuclear reactors used for generating electricity. The APWR design incorporates advanced safety features and technologies to enhance operational efficiency and reduce the risk of accidents.

India's nuclear weapons program began in the 1940s and has evolved significantly over the decades. Here are some key aspects: 1. **Origins**: India's interest in nuclear technology started in the 1940s with the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948, influenced by the desire for energy independence and security concerns.

The Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER) is an organization under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) of the Government of India. Established in 1973, AMDER is primarily responsible for the exploration and research of atomic minerals, which include uranium, thorium, and other minerals of significance for nuclear energy production and other applications.

Japanese nuclear engineers are professionals who specialize in the design, development, operation, and maintenance of nuclear technology in Japan. Their work encompasses a variety of responsibilities related to nuclear power generation, including the construction and operation of nuclear reactors, research and development of nuclear technologies, safety assessments, and regulatory compliance. Japan has a significant history in nuclear energy, particularly following the post-World War II era when it began to develop its nuclear capabilities.

JT-60 is a Japanese experimental nuclear fusion reactor, primarily focused on studying and advancing the science of controlled thermonuclear fusion. It is located in Naka, Japan, and is one of several major fusion research facilities around the world. JT-60 was first commissioned in 1985 and has undergone several upgrades, with JT-60SA (Super Advanced) being one of the most significant upgrades, which began operations in 2020.