Chaïm Perelman (1912–2014) was a Belgian philosopher and logician known for his contributions to the fields of argumentation theory and rhetoric. He is perhaps best known for developing a practical approach to reasoning and argumentation, which he elaborated in his seminal work, "The New Rhetoric," co-authored with Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca in 1958.

Jürgen Habermas is a prominent German philosopher and sociologist, widely regarded as one of the leading figures in contemporary social theory and critical theory. Born on June 18, 1929, Habermas is closely associated with the Frankfurt School of thought and is known for his contributions to a variety of fields, including communication theory, political theory, and ethics.

Liu Xie, also known as Liu Xie (劉勰), was a Chinese literary critic and theorist during the Southern Dynasties period, specifically in the 5th and 6th centuries. He is best known for his work "Wenzi" (文心), which translates to "The Heart of Writing." This influential text is considered one of the earliest and most important works on literary theory in Chinese literature.

Kleinian groups are a class of discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic three-space, which is a mathematical model of three-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. They are named after the mathematician Felix Klein, who contributed significantly to the understanding of such groups.

The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a fundamental result in differential geometry that relates the geometry of a surface to its topology. It provides a connection between the curvature of a surface and its Euler characteristic, which is a topological invariant.

Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates are a method used in the study of hyperbolic surfaces and Riemann surfaces, particularly in the context of the deformation spaces of these surfaces. They provide a parametrization of the moduli space of hyperbolic surfaces with a fixed topological type, such as a surface with a given number of punctures or boundaries.

The term "Indigenous bundle" can refer to various concepts depending on the context, particularly in relation to Indigenous cultures and communities. It often pertains to a collection of traditional knowledge, practices, resources, or items that are significant to Indigenous peoples. 1. **Cultural Significance**: An Indigenous bundle may include items such as sacred objects, ceremonial regalia, or tools that are meaningful within a specific Indigenous tradition.

The Poincaré metric is a type of Riemannian metric that is commonly used in the context of hyperbolic geometry. It provides a way to measure distances and angles in hyperbolic space, particularly in the Poincaré disk model and the Poincaré half-plane model. ### Poincaré Disk Model: In the Poincaré disk model, the hyperbolic plane is represented as the interior of the unit disk in the Euclidean plane.

The MacCullagh ellipsoid is a mathematical construct used in the field of geodesy, which is the study of Earth's shape and size. Specifically, the MacCullagh ellipsoid refers to a type of reference ellipsoid that is defined using parameters that best fit the geoid (the true physical shape of the Earth as affected by gravity and rotation) for specific regions or globally.

"Risk society" is a concept developed by the sociologist Ulrich Beck in his influential book "Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity," published in 1992. The term refers to a societal shift characterized by the increasing prominence of risks and uncertainties associated with modern life, particularly those arising from industrialization, globalization, and technological advancement.

The Knife Game, also known as the "Knife Game Challenge" or "Stabbing Game," is a hand-eye coordination challenge often depicted in videos and among social circles. The game involves a player holding their hand flat on a surface (usually a table) and then using a knife to stab between the fingers in a rapid, rhythmic fashion without hitting them. The objective is to demonstrate skill and control by stabbing in between the fingers to avoid injury.

Decision theory is an interdisciplinary framework for analyzing and making rational decisions. It combines elements from various fields, including statistics, economics, psychology, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. The fundamental goal of decision theory is to provide a structured way to evaluate choices under uncertainty and complexity. Key components of decision theory include: 1. **Decision-making Context**: A clear understanding of the problem or situation where decisions need to be made. 2. **Alternatives**: Identification of different courses of action or choices available.

Extreme risk typically refers to situations, actions, or outcomes that have the potential for significant adverse consequences, often with a low probability but very high impact. It is commonly discussed in fields such as finance, security, health, and environmental science. Here are a few contexts in which extreme risk might be analyzed: 1. **Finance and Investment**: In finance, extreme risks may involve rare but catastrophic events that can lead to substantial losses, such as market crashes or natural disasters severely affecting asset values.

A glossary of economics is a collection of terms and definitions relevant to the field of economics. It is used as a reference tool to help individuals understand complex economic concepts, theories, and terminology. Here are some common terms you might find in an economics glossary: 1. **Aggregate Demand**: The total demand for goods and services within a particular market or economy. 2. **Aggregate Supply**: The total supply of goods and services that firms in an economy plan to sell during a specific time period.

Knightian uncertainty refers to a type of uncertainty that cannot be quantified or measured, unlike risks which can be expressed in probabilities. The term originates from the work of economist Frank H. Knight, particularly in his 1921 book "Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit." In this context, Knight differentiated between risk (where the probabilities of different outcomes are known) and uncertainty (where those probabilities are unknown or cannot be reliably estimated).

Policy uncertainty refers to the unpredictability regarding government policies or regulations that can impact economic conditions, business decisions, and investment strategies. This uncertainty can arise from a variety of factors, including: 1. **Changes in Government**: New administrations may implement different policies, leading to uncertainty about future regulations and laws. 2. **Legislative Processes**: Ongoing debates or indecision in legislative bodies can create a lack of clarity about future policies.

The Pseudocertainty effect is a cognitive bias observed in decision-making, which refers to the tendency for individuals to perceive a decision or outcome as more certain than it actually is when presented in a specific context. This phenomenon often emerges in situations involving risk and uncertainty, particularly when people evaluate potential gains and losses. The effect highlights how people tend to overweigh outcomes that are perceived as certain (even when they are not truly certain) and may lead to suboptimal decision-making.

Risk perception refers to the subjective judgment that individuals or groups make regarding the characteristics and severity of a risk. It involves how people interpret and understand risks based on various factors such as personal experiences, cultural beliefs, media influence, and social dynamics. Risk perception is not solely based on statistical probabilities or scientific assessments; instead, it is shaped by psychological, emotional, and contextual factors.

"Images of Šumadija and Western Serbia" likely refers to a variety of visual representations that capture the landscapes, culture, architecture, and everyday life in the regions of Šumadija and Western Serbia. These images could include photographs, paintings, or other forms of art that showcase the natural beauty, historical sites, and local traditions of these areas.

(95625) 2002 GX32 is a centaur, which is a type of minor planet found in our solar system. Specifically, it belongs to a category of small celestial bodies that orbit the Sun between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Neptune. Centaurs are characterized by having both asteroid-like and comet-like properties.