Entry I02938 in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is credited; editors and authors of underlying recommendations are not treated as entry authors. The citation gives 2025 for the fifth edition and online version 5.0.0.

Inspected official indexed entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/I02938/plain

Canonical entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/I02938

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.I02938

Cited passages: Definition; Source; Citation. The underlying 1994 recommendation, p. 543, is cited by the entry and was not independently inspected. Direct entry retrieval failed; the complete official indexed text was inspected.

Entry in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is established. The official citation identifies online version 5.0.0, 2025; this is a compendium version date. The entry cites the Orange Book, second edition, p. 48 as its underlying source.

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05924/1000

Metadata verification: Official indexed entry and citation; direct request unavailable

Cited passages: Definition paragraphs: primary standard, secondary standard solution; underlying source Orange Book, second edition, p. 48.

Entry in IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book) by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, issued by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. No individual entry author is credited; editors are not treated as entry authors. The fifth edition and online version 5.0.0 are dated 2025.

Canonical entry: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626

Inspected official indexed mirror: mail.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626

Cited passages: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, fifth edition (Gold Book), Beer–Lambert law: Official indexed mirror mail.goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/B00626: complete opening definition, both equations, decadic coefficient name, conventional and SI units, spectral-bandwidth qualification, fifth-edition/version citation; Entry names its underlying 1996 glossary, printed p. 2230; underlying recommendation not independently inspected.

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/PT07442

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.PT07442

Online text: goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/P04468

DOI: doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.P04468

An ionization cascade in which electrons accelerated by an electric field produce further free electrons through collisional ionization.

Tunnel ionization is ionization through quantum tunnelling across a field-distorted binding barrier.

Laboratory chapter in Introductory Physics Experiments, Physics 252, version 4.0 (Michigan State University). Version 4.0 and date 1/7/2002 are printed together; the day/month order is left uninterpreted. This is a version date, not an established first publication date. Michigan State University hosts the manual; no individual chapter byline or institutional authorship credit is inferred.

Official chapter PDF: web.pa.msu.edu/courses/2002summer/PHY252/Prism.pdf

Cited passages: pp. 1–3, objectives, minimum-deviation relation and symmetry; pp. 5–8, apparatus, alignment, vernier angle readout and mercury-line turning point; p. 9, supplied mercury wavelengths. This is a teaching procedure, not a report of newly measured data.

For nondegenerate bands separated by $E_g$, the intrinsic carrier concentration is $n_i=\sqrt{N_c{N}_v}{e}^{-E_g/(2k_{B}T)}$, using the effective density of states $N_c,N_v$. For fixed parabolic band effective masses and fixed gap, $n_i\propto T^{3/2}{e}^{-E_g/(2k_{B}T)}$.

For nondegenerate conduction bands and valence bands, charge neutrality gives $N_c{e}^{-(E_c-{\mu }_i)/(k_{B}T)}=N_v{e}^{-({\mu }_i-E_v)/(k_{B}T)}$. Taking logarithms yieldsFor single spin-degenerate parabolic extrema this becomes $(E_c+E_v)/2+(3k_{B}T/4)\ln (m_h^{\ast }/m_e^{\ast })$. Valley multiplicities or additional hole bands belong in $N_c,N_v$ and change the logarithm. The intrinsic chemical potential lies exactly at midgap only when the two effective density of states values agree.