Kubelka–Munk theory is a mathematical model used to describe the light scattering and absorption properties of diffuse systems, particularly in relation to paints, pigments, and other similar materials. The theory, formulated by Paul Kubelka and Franz Munk in the 1930s, provides a way to understand how light interacts with multi-layered and heterogeneous materials.

In computational complexity theory, PP stands for "Probabilistic Polynomial time." It is a complexity class that consists of decision problems for which there is a probabilistic Turing machine that can decide the problem with a certain level of accuracy.

Analytical light scattering is a technique used to study the size, shape, and distribution of particles, macromolecules, or colloids in a solution by measuring the scattering of light as it interacts with these particles. This method is based on the principle that when a beam of monochromatic light (usually from a laser) passes through a sample, the light is scattered in different directions by the particles present in the solution.

Anomalous diffraction theory is a concept in the field of wave optics and scattering theory, primarily applicable to the interaction of electromagnetic waves, such as light, with small particles. The term "anomalous" refers to the deviations from the standard diffraction patterns predicted by classical diffraction theory (e.g., Rayleigh diffraction) when the size of the scattering objects is comparable to the wavelength of the incident light.

The Gaunt factor is a dimensionless quantity that arises in the field of astrophysics and plasma physics, particularly in the context of radiative transfer and the calculation of opacity in stellar atmospheres and hot plasmas. It quantifies the effect of electron scattering on the intensity of radiation in a medium.

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management technique used to determine the longest sequence of dependent tasks or activities that must be completed on time for a project to finish by its due date. The critical path identifies which tasks are critical, meaning that any delay in these tasks will directly impact the overall project completion time. Key aspects of the Critical Path Method include: 1. **Activities and Dependencies**: Each task in a project is identified along with its duration and dependencies on prior tasks.

Near field and far field are terms commonly used in various fields, including physics, engineering, and telecommunications, to describe regions in relation to a source of waves, such as electromagnetic waves, sound waves, or other types of waves. ### Near Field The near field refers to the region close to the source of the wave where the behavior of the field is not specified by simple wave equations. In this zone, the wave typically does not propagate in the same way as it does in the far field.

Optical depth is a concept used in astrophysics and other fields to quantify how opaque a medium is to radiation, such as light. It provides a measure of how much a beam of light is attenuated as it passes through a medium, such as gas or dust.

Completely Fair Queuing (CFQ) is a disk scheduling algorithm designed to provide fair access to disk resources for multiple processes or threads while optimizing performance. It is particularly important in operating systems where multiple applications may be competing for disk I/O operations. ### Key Features of CFQ: 1. **Fairness**: CFQ aims to ensure that all requests receive a fair share of disk bandwidth.

Raman scattering is an inelastic scattering process that occurs when light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons, or other low-frequency excitations in a material. This phenomenon is named after the Indian physicist C.V. Raman, who, along with his colleague, discovered it in 1928. In simple terms, when a monochromatic light source, typically a laser, shines on a sample, most of the light is elastically scattered, meaning it retains its original energy (or wavelength).

The dynamic structure factor (DSF) is a key concept in condensed matter physics, particularly in studies of materials and collective excitations such as phonons, magnons, and other quasiparticles. It provides information about the microscopic dynamics of a system, including how density fluctuations evolve over time. Mathematically, the dynamic structure factor \( S(\mathbf{q}, \omega) \) is defined in terms of the Fourier transform of the time-dependent density-density correlation function.

The Linear Scheduling Method (LSM) is a project management technique used primarily in the construction industry for planning, scheduling, and managing linear projects, such as highways, pipelines, railways, and other linear infrastructures. The key feature of LSM is that it allows project managers to visualize the progress of construction activities over time and space.

Diamond Light Source is the UK's national synchrotron X-ray source, located in Oxfordshire. It is a large-scale scientific facility that produces intense beams of light, known as synchrotron radiation, which are used for a variety of research applications across multiple scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry, physics, materials science, and engineering.

FINO can refer to different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **FINO (Financial Inclusion Network and Outreach)**: This term is often associated with initiatives or organizations aimed at enhancing financial inclusion, providing access to financial services for underserved populations. 2. **FINO (Fino Paytech Limited)**: This is a company based in India that provides technology solutions for financial services, focusing on simple and accessible banking solutions for the unbanked and underbanked.

The Central Laser Facility (CLF) is a major research facility located at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. It is part of the UKRI (UK Research and Innovation) and primarily serves scientific research in the fields of laser science and applications.

A multilevel queue is a scheduling algorithm used in operating systems to manage processes by organizing them into multiple queues based on their priority and type. Each queue can have its own scheduling algorithm, and processes are assigned to a specific queue based on their characteristics (such as priority, memory requirements, or process type). ### Key Features of Multilevel Queue Scheduling: 1. **Multiple Queues**: The system maintains several queues, with each queue serving different types of processes.

The term "sequence step algorithm" is not widely recognized in traditional algorithmic theory or computer science. However, it may refer to algorithms that operate based on sequences of steps or iterative procedures. Here are some interpretations that might be relevant: 1. **Iterative Algorithms**: Many algorithms, especially in optimization (like gradient descent), operate through a series of steps that iteratively refine a solution until a certain condition is met (e.g., convergence).

"Idle" in the context of CPU usage refers to the state when the CPU is not actively processing any tasks. This means that the CPU is waiting for instructions, or it is handling minimal background processes, resulting in low or no workload. When a CPU is in an idle state, it is not consuming significant resources, and the percentage of CPU utilization will be low (often shown as a percentage in system monitoring tools).

GAMESS (UK) is a computational chemistry software package primarily used for performing quantum chemistry calculations. It stands for General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (UK version). GAMESS (UK) is a derivative of the original GAMESS program developed in the United States and is designed to handle electronic structure calculations for atoms and molecules. The software supports various methods for quantum chemical calculations, including Hartree-Fock, post-Hartree-Fock methods, and density functional theory (DFT).

Highly radioactive isotope of caesium with half-life of 30.17 y. Produced from the nuclear fission of uranium, TODO exact reaction, not found in nature.

The fucked thing about this byproduct is that it is in the same chemical family as sodium, and therefore forms a salt that looks like regular table salt, and dissolves in water and therefore easily enters your body and sticks to things.

Another problem is that its half-life is long enough that it doesn't lose radioactivity very quickly compared to the life of a human person, although it is short enough to make it highly toxic, making it a terrible pollutant when released.

This is why for example in the goiânia accident a girl ended up ingesting Caesium-137 after eating an egg after touching the Caesium with her hands.