Vacuum deposition is a manufacturing process used to deposit thin films or coatings onto substrates in a controlled vacuum environment. This technique is widely used in various industries, including electronics, optics, and packaging, due to its ability to produce high-quality coatings with precise thickness and composition. There are several methods of vacuum deposition, including: 1. **Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD):** Involves the physical vaporization of a solid material, which is then deposited onto the substrate.

Itamar Assumpção was a Brazilian musician and composer, known for his innovative approach to music that combined elements of samba, rock, MPB (Música Popular Brasileira), and other genres. He was born on August 9, 1949, in São Paulo and was one of the notable figures in the Brazilian musical scene, especially during the 1980s and 1990s.

Neutral density (ND) refers to a type of filter used in photography, videography, and optics that uniformly reduces the intensity of light entering the camera lens without affecting the color of the light. This allows photographers and videographers to achieve various creative effects and manage exposure settings in bright conditions. Here are key points about neutral density filters: 1. **Purpose**: ND filters are primarily used to allow for longer exposure times or wider apertures in bright lighting conditions.

Venus has been the subject of various exploratory missions, and while there are no permanent human-made structures on the planet, several artificial objects have been sent there for exploration and research purposes. Here’s a list of notable artificial objects that have been sent to or have impacted Venus: 1. **Mariner 2** (1962) - The first successful spacecraft to fly by Venus and send back data about its atmosphere and surface temperatures.

The "List of quadrangles on Venus" refers to the systematic division of the planet Venus into distinct regions for the purpose of mapping and geospatial analysis. Each quadrangle covers a specific area of the planet's surface and is defined by specific latitude and longitude boundaries. These quadrangles are used for scientific research, exploration, and detailed study of the planet's geology, topography, and atmosphere.

Gualdrada Berti is a historical figure from medieval Italy, particularly associated with the city of Florence. She is often noted in literature and historical accounts for her beauty and intelligence. Gualdrada is most famously mentioned in the writings of the 14th-century poet Dante Alighieri, where she is depicted as a virtuous and noble woman.

"Vice" can refer to several different things, depending on the context: 1. **Moral Concept**: In a philosophical or ethical context, vice refers to a moral failing or a wicked behavior. It contrasts with virtue, which represents moral excellence. Examples of vices include greed, lust, envy, and pride. 2. **Vice Media**: This is a media company known for its edgy and often unconventional approach to journalism, culture, and entertainment.

Electrostatic ion cyclotron waves (EIC waves) are plasma waves that occur in a magnetized plasma environment, where the motion of ions is influenced by both electric and magnetic fields. These waves are specifically related to the oscillations of ions around their equilibrium positions in a magnetic field and arise due to the restoring force exerted by the electric field within the plasma.

Tropical cyclones are intense circular storms that originate over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. They are known by different names depending on their location: they are called hurricanes in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, and cyclones in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.

Quantum tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a particle transitions through a potential energy barrier that it classically should not be able to overcome due to insufficient energy. In the context of water, quantum tunneling can occur in various scenarios involving the behavior of water molecules, particularly in the formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds, as well as in the movement of protons within water.

A Josephson vortex is a topological defect that occurs in a type-II superconductor when two superconducting regions are separated by a thin insulating barrier, forming what is known as a Josephson junction. In this junction, when a magnetic field is applied, quantized magnetic flux lines known as "vortices" can penetrate the superconducting regions. In a Josephson junction, under certain conditions, the supercurrent can flow across the junction without the application of an external voltage.

Vortex shedding is a phenomenon that occurs when a fluid flows past a bluff (non-streamlined) body, resulting in the alternating formation and shedding of vortices from the body’s surfaces. This effect is often observed in situations where a fluid, such as air or water, flows around objects like cylinders, plates, and other shapes. When fluid flows past a bluff body, it creates regions of low pressure that lead to the formation of vortices.

A Kármán vortex street is a recurring pattern of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around a bluff body (an object with a large cross-section, such as a cylinder). This phenomenon was first described by Hungarian-American engineer Theodore von Kármán in the 1910s. When a fluid flows past a blunt object, such as a cylinder or a flat plate, it can create alternating low-pressure and high-pressure areas in the flow.

The term "Whirlwind" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few common references: 1. **Meteorology**: In weather terms, a whirlwind is a small, rotating column of air that can occur during storms. It usually occurs in conjunction with thunderstorms and can manifest as a dust devil or a tornado. 2. **Military and Technology**: "Whirlwind" may refer to historical military operations or technologies, such as specific aircraft or weapon systems.

A longitudinal wave is a type of wave in which the particles of the medium through which the wave travels vibrate in the same direction as the wave's propagation. In other words, the displacement of the medium's particles is parallel to the direction of the wave's energy transfer. This is in contrast to transverse waves, where the displacement of the medium's particles is perpendicular to the direction of the wave's travel. A common example of a longitudinal wave is a sound wave.

Electromagnetically induced grating (EIG) is a phenomenon that occurs in certain quantum systems, such as in atomic or molecular gases, where coherence between quantum states leads to the formation of a periodic modulation of the refractive index. This effect can be induced by electromagnetic fields, typically laser light. The basic idea of EIG involves the interaction of multiple laser fields with a medium, which can lead to the creation of a grating pattern in the dielectric response of the medium.

Namig Nasrullayev is a prominent Azerbaijani figure known for his contributions to various fields, most notably in academia and the arts. He might be involved in literature, music, or some other cultural domain. His work often showcases aspects of Azerbaijani culture and may include poetry, writing, or scholarly activities. It's essential to refer to specific sources for a detailed biography or to understand his impact in greater depth, as my information might not be exhaustive or up-to-date.

Anomalous weather refers to weather conditions that deviate significantly from the typical patterns or averages for a given region and time of year. These anomalies can manifest as unusually high or low temperatures, unexpected precipitation events, prolonged droughts, or atypical storm activity. For example, a heatwave in a region known for mild winters or heavy snowfall in an area that typically experiences little or no snow could both be considered examples of anomalous weather.

Weather events refer to specific atmospheric occurrences that can range from everyday phenomena to extreme conditions. These events can affect local, regional, or even global climates and include a variety of occurrences. Some common categories of weather events include: 1. **Precipitation**: Rain, snow, sleet, and hail, which occur when moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the ground.

African-American women in computer science refer to the subset of women of African descent who are engaged in the field of computer science, either as students, professionals, researchers, or educators. This demographic is significant because it represents a blend of cultural heritage and technical discipline, which has historically been underrepresented in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, particularly in computer science.