A Substitution-Permutation Network (SPN) is a type of symmetric key cipher used for the encryption and decryption of data. It combines two fundamental operations: substitution, which alters the bits in a specified manner, and permutation, which rearranges those bits. This approach is integral to many modern block ciphers and is designed to provide strong security properties through diffusion and confusion. ### Key Components of a Substitution-Permutation Network 1.

As of my last update in October 2023, there is no widely recognized definition or concept known as "Turingery." It might be a term related to artificial intelligence, computer science, or possibly a product, service, or concept that has emerged recently. It could even be a misspelling or reinterpretation of "Turing" in reference to Alan Turing, a pioneer in computer science known for his contributions to artificial intelligence and theoretical computation.

Hashcash is a proof-of-work system designed to limit email spam and denial-of-service attacks. It was created by Adam Back in 1997. The idea behind Hashcash is to require the sender of an email to perform a computational task, which involves calculating a hash that meets certain criteria. This process takes time and computational resources, making it more expensive for spammers to send large volumes of emails.

Mcrypt is a library used for encryption and decryption of data in PHP. It provides a variety of cryptographic algorithms, including symmetric ciphers such as AES, Blowfish, and DES, among others. Mcrypt allows developers to implement secure data storage and communication within their applications. However, it's important to note that Mcrypt has been deprecated as of PHP 7.1 and removed as of PHP 7.2.

NordLocker is a file encryption and cloud storage service developed by the team behind NordVPN. It is designed to provide users with a secure way to store, share, and encrypt their files. Key features of NordLocker include: 1. **End-to-End Encryption**: Files stored in NordLocker are encrypted before they leave your device, ensuring that only you can access them. 2. **Cloud Storage**: Users can store files in the cloud securely.

TrueCrypt was a popular disk encryption software that provided on-the-fly encryption. Its development, however, officially ceased in 2014. Here is a brief overview of the version history of TrueCrypt: 1. **Version 1.0** - Released in 2004, this version introduced basic features for encrypting volumes and files. 2. **Version 2.

A glossary of cryptographic keys typically contains definitions and explanations of various terms and types of keys used in cryptography. Here's a concise glossary of key terms related to cryptographic keys: ### Glossary of Cryptographic Keys 1. **Asymmetric Key**: A type of cryptographic key that comes in pairs, consisting of a public key and a private key. It is used in asymmetric encryption methods like RSA.

The timeline of cryptography stretches back thousands of years and encompasses various techniques and methods used to secure communication. Here’s a general overview of key developments in the history of cryptography: ### Ancient Period - **c. 1900 BCE**: Early examples of cryptography in ancient Egypt, including simple hieroglyphs and substitution ciphers. - **c.

National Cyber Security Centres (NCSC) are government entities that aim to enhance the cybersecurity posture of a nation. They typically provide guidance, support, and resources to both private and public sectors to help protect against cyber threats. Here are some key functions and characteristics of NCSCs: 1. **Threat Intelligence**: NCSCs analyze and disseminate information about cyber threats and vulnerabilities, helping organizations understand the risks they face.

GCHQ Bude is one of the facilities operated by the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in the United Kingdom. Located in Bude, Cornwall, it plays a key role in signals intelligence (SIGINT) and communication interception. The facility is primarily involved in the collection and analysis of electronic communications, which supports national security and intelligence efforts.

CAST-256 is a symmetric key block cipher that was designed by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares. It was developed as part of the CAST encryption algorithm family. CAST-256 operates on 128-bit blocks of data and supports variable key lengths of up to 256 bits. Key features of CAST-256 include: 1. **Block Size**: It processes data in 128-bit blocks.

Ciphr is a term that can refer to various things depending on the context, but it is often associated with a specific company or platform designed for secure communication and data management. If you are referring to the communication platform, Ciphr typically offers capabilities such as encrypted messaging, file sharing, and collaboration tools aimed at ensuring privacy and security for users and organizations.

VINSON can refer to different things depending on the context, but it is most commonly recognized as an acronym in various fields or a reference to specific entities. Below are a couple of possible meanings: 1. **VINSON (Vehicle Identification Number System)**: Sometimes, VINSON might refer to systems or software related to vehicle tracking and identity verification, particularly involving VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) systems used in the automotive industry.

A "stack" can refer to different concepts depending on the context, but in terms of units of measurement, it is commonly used in computing and memory architecture to refer to a data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. ### In Computing: - **Stack Data Structure**: This is a collection of elements where the last element added to the collection is the first to be removed.

Nepal has its own set of customary units of measurement, which are used alongside the metric system. Some of the key customary units in Nepal include: 1. **Length**: - **Yard** (गज, Gaj) - Commonly used in everyday measurement, especially in textiles. - **Bigha** (बिघा) - A unit of area primarily used for land measurement; 1 bigha is approximately equal to 0.

A **dagger compact category** is a mathematical structure that arises in category theory and is particularly relevant in the fields of quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. It combines concepts from category theory with the structure of quantum systems. Here are the main elements that define a dagger compact category: 1. **Category**: A category consists of objects and morphisms (arrows) between those objects, satisfying certain composition and identity properties.

Danish mathematicians have made significant contributions throughout history. Here's a brief overview categorized by century: ### 17th Century - **Thomas Fincke (1561–1656)**: Known for his work in mathematics and geometry. - **Peder Balling (ca. 1603–1663)**: Contributed to surveying and geometry. ### 18th Century - **Jens Nielsen (1689–1753)**: Worked on navigation and algebra.

Mikael Rørdam is a name that may refer to a specific individual, but without additional context, it is not clear who exactly you are inquiring about. There could be various people named Mikael Rørdam in different fields such as sports, academia, or the arts. If you provide more context or specify what area you are interested in (e.g.

LZ77 and LZ78 are two data compression algorithms that are part of the Lempel-Ziv family of algorithms, which were developed by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in the late 1970s. They both utilize dictionary-based approaches to compress data, but they do so using different techniques. ### LZ77 **LZ77** was proposed in 1977 and is also known as the "dictionary" or "sliding window" method.

Lossy compression is a data encoding method that reduces file size by permanently eliminating certain information, particularly redundant or less important data. This technique is commonly used in various media formats such as audio, video, and images, where a perfect reproduction of the original is not necessary for most applications. **Key Characteristics of Lossy Compression:** 1. **Data Loss:** Some data is lost during the compression process, which cannot be restored in its original form.