Newton's Law of Cooling describes the rate at which an exposed body changes temperature through radiation and convection with its surroundings. Specifically, it states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its environment, provided this temperature difference is small.

The Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics (NAMP) is an academic and professional organization in Nigeria that focuses on the advancement and promotion of research and education in the field of mathematical physics. It serves as a platform for mathematicians, physicists, and other professionals with an interest in mathematical physics to collaborate, share knowledge, and disseminate research findings. NAMP organizes conferences, workshops, and seminars to facilitate networking and exchange of ideas among researchers and practitioners.

Nikolay Ustryalov (1890–1937) was a Russian historian and a prominent figure in the field of Russian history. He is best known for his works on the history of Russia from the 18th century onward, with a particular focus on the social and political dynamics of the period. Ustryalov was also associated with the Russian émigré community following the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Nikoloz Muskhelishvili (1910–2006) was a prominent Georgian mathematician known for his contributions to applied mathematics, particularly in the fields of elasticity theory and complex analysis. He is best known for his work on boundary value problems and the mathematical theory of elasticity, where he developed methods for solving problems related to stress and strain in solid mechanics.

Nizhny Novgorod Machine-building Plant, often referred to by its Russian name "Nizhniy Novgorodskoy Mashinostroitelnoy Zavod," is a prominent industrial enterprise located in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. It specializes in the production of a wide range of machinery and equipment, and has historically played a significant role in Russia's defense and aerospace industries. The plant has a long history, with roots extending back to the Soviet era.

In abstract algebra, specifically in the context of module theory, a **Noetherian module** is a module that satisfies the ascending chain condition on its submodules. This means that every increasing chain of submodules eventually stabilizes.

A non-inertial reference frame is a type of reference frame that is accelerating or rotating, meaning that it is not in a state of uniform motion. In a non-inertial frame, objects can behave in ways that are not consistent with Newton's laws of motion unless additional forces (called "fictitious" or "pseudo" forces) are taken into account.

A non-radiative dielectric waveguide is a type of optical waveguide that confines light through total internal reflection without the emission of radiative energy. In these waveguides, light travels through a dielectric (non-metallic) material, typically glass or a polymer, and is confined to the waveguide structure rather than radiating out into the surrounding medium.

The term "nonribosomal code" generally refers to the process by which nonribosomal peptides and other biomolecules are synthesized without the involvement of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery primarily responsible for protein synthesis through the translation of mRNA. In contrast to the ribosomal code, which is based on the triplet codon system that translates nucleic acid sequences into proteins, nonribosomal synthesis occurs through a different mechanism.

In functional analysis, the concept of a normal cone is often discussed in the context of nonsmooth analysis and convex analysis. A normal cone is a geometric structure associated with convex sets that describes certain directional properties and constraints at a boundary point of the set.

The Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS) is a formal framework used in computer science for modeling and analyzing concurrent systems, particularly systems that involve communication between components. Introduced by Robin Milner in the 1980s, CCS provides a mathematical structure for reasoning about the behavior of systems where multiple processes operate simultaneously and may interact with each other through message passing.

The dot product, also known as the scalar product, is a mathematical operation that takes two vectors and returns a single scalar (a real number). It is used extensively in geometry, physics, and various fields of engineering.

In mathematics, a scalar is a single number used to measure a quantity. Scalars are often contrasted with vectors, which have both magnitude and direction. Scalars can represent various quantities such as temperature, mass, energy, time, and speed, among others. Some key characteristics of scalars include: 1. **Magnitude Only**: Scalars have only magnitude; they do not have a direction associated with them.

Tricomi–Carlitz polynomials are a class of polynomials that arise in the study of $q$-analogues in the context of basic hypergeometric series and combinatorial identities. They are named after the mathematicians Francesco Tricomi and Leonard Carlitz, who studied these polynomials in relation to $q$-series. These polynomials can be defined through various generating functions and properties related to $q$-binomial coefficients.

A dipole graph is a specific type of graph used in physics and mathematics to represent a system featuring two opposing charges or poles, typically illustrated in the context of electric or magnetic fields. In the context of electrostatics, for example, a dipole consists of two point charges of equal magnitude and opposite sign separated by a distance.

The Ellingham-Horton graph is a thermodynamic reference tool used in metallurgy and materials science. It provides a visual representation of the standard free energy changes (ΔG) of various metal oxides as a function of temperature. Named after the researchers Sir Harold Ellingham and J. H. Horton, the graph is primarily used to analyze the stability of metal oxides and their tendency to reduce (or be reduced to their elemental form) at given temperatures.

A Livingstone graph is a type of mathematical graph used in the field of graph theory, specifically in relation to the study of networks and topological structures. It is named after the mathematician William Livingstone, though the term may not be widely recognized in all mathematical literature. Livingstone graphs are characterized by certain properties unique to their structure, often being studied for their applications in biology, chemistry, and network design.

A Moore graph is a special type of undirected graph that has particular properties related to its diameter, degree, and the number of vertices. Specifically, a Moore graph is defined as a regular graph of degree \( k \) with diameter \( d \) that has the maximum possible number of vertices for those parameters.

A supply chain refers to the entire system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in the production and delivery of a product or service from suppliers to customers. It encompasses all stages of a product's lifecycle, including sourcing raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, warehousing, and distribution. Key components of a supply chain include: 1. **Suppliers**: Provide the raw materials or components needed for production. 2. **Manufacturers**: Transform raw materials into finished goods.

RFPolicy can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which it is used, and it may not correspond to a single, widely recognized term. However, it is often associated with "Radio Frequency Policy" or policies related to radio frequency allocations and management, particularly in telecommunications and broadcasting. 1. **Radio Frequency Policy**: This refers to the regulatory framework governing the use of radio frequencies for various applications, including telecommunications, broadcasting, and wireless communications.