Paul Dirac by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Eccentric nerdy slow speaking physicist mostly based in University of Cambridge.
Created the Dirac equation, what else do you need to know?!
QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994) chapter 1.3 "P.A.M. Dirac and the Birth of Quantum Electrodynamics" quotes Dirac saying how being at high school during World War I was an advantage, since all slightly older boys were being sent to war, and so the younger kids were made advance as fast as they could through subjects. Exactly the type of thing Ciro Santilli wants to achieve with OurBigBook.com, but without the need for a world war hopefully.
Dirac was a staunch atheist having said during the Fifth Solvay Conference (1927)[ref]:
If we are honest - and scientists have to be - we must admit that religion is a jumble of false assertions, with no basis in reality. The very idea of God is a product of the human imagination. It is quite understandable why primitive people, who were so much more exposed to the overpowering forces of nature than we are today, should have personified these forces in fear and trembling. But nowadays, when we understand so many natural processes, we have no need for such solutions. I can't for the life of me see how the postulate of an Almighty God helps us in any way. What I do see is that this assumption leads to such unproductive questions as why God allows so much misery and injustice, the exploitation of the poor by the rich and all the other horrors He might have prevented. If religion is still being taught, it is by no means because its ideas still convince us, but simply because some of us want to keep the lower classes quiet. Quiet people are much easier to govern than clamorous and dissatisfied ones. They are also much easier to exploit. Religion is a kind of opium that allows a nation to lull itself into wishful dreams and so forget the injustices that are being perpetrated against the people. Hence the close alliance between those two great political forces, the State and the Church. Both need the illusion that a kindly God rewards - in heaven if not on earth - all those who have not risen up against injustice, who have done their duty quietly and uncomplainingly. That is precisely why the honest assertion that God is a mere product of the human imagination is branded as the worst of all mortal sins.
Video 1.
Paul Dirac and the religion of mathematical beauty by Royal Society (2013)
Source.
As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, "Ten15" could refer to several different things, as it's not a widely recognized term on its own. It may refer to a brand, company, product, or initiative depending on the context. However, without additional information, it's difficult to provide a specific answer.
Signedness refers to the property of a data type that indicates whether it can represent both positive and negative values (signed) or only non-negative values (unsigned). This concept is important in computer science, particularly in programming and data representation. 1. **Signed Data Types**: A signed data type can represent both positive and negative numbers. For example, in many programming languages, an `int` (integer) type is typically signed by default.
"Presumed security" is a concept that refers to the assumption that certain systems, protocols, or environments are secure by default, often due to their design, reputation, or the ways in which they have been implemented. This presumption can lead users and organizations to believe that they do not need to take additional precautions or to scrutinize the security measures in place, potentially leading to vulnerabilities if the underlying assumptions turn out to be incorrect.
A Marsquake refers to seismic activity on the planet Mars, analogous to earthquakes on Earth. These quakes are detected and measured by instruments designed to capture vibrations in the Martian crust. NASA's InSight lander, which landed on Mars in late 2018, is equipped with a seismometer capable of detecting these seismic events.
Sednoid generally refers to a group of trans-Neptunian objects located in the outer region of the solar system, specifically in the distant area beyond Neptune. The term is primarily associated with a particular object known as 90377 Sedna, which was discovered in 2003. Sedna is notable for its highly elongated elliptical orbit, taking it far beyond the traditional boundaries of the solar system.
"Richard Robertson" could refer to multiple individuals depending on the context. Without additional details, it's challenging to provide a specific answer. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **Richard Robertson (Ice Hockey)**: A professional ice hockey player who has played in various leagues. 2. **Richard Robertson (Scottish Cricketer)**: An athlete known in the cricketing world.
**Earthquake**: An earthquake is a natural phenomenon characterized by the sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates. These movements can result from faults in the Earth's crust, volcanic activity, or other geological processes. Earthquakes can vary in magnitude, intensity, and duration, and they can lead to significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and can result in loss of life.
As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely known or prominent figure by the name of Alexis Perrey. It's possible that someone by that name has since gained recognition or that the name pertains to a specific context, such as a lesser-known individual, a fictional character, or a person who has recently emerged in public interest.
Nicolás Zúñiga y Miranda was a notable figure in Mexican history, particularly recognized for his contributions during the 19th century. He was a prominent statesman and military leader, serving in various important roles within the government of Mexico. Zúñiga y Miranda is particularly remembered for his involvement in the federalist movement and for advocating for the rights and autonomy of various regions within Mexico.
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of seismic waves through the Earth. It encompasses a range of fields and disciplines, each focusing on different aspects of seismic phenomena. Here are some key fields within seismology: 1. **Earthquake Seismology**: This area focuses on the study of earthquakes, including their origin, propagation, and effects. Researchers analyze seismic waves produced by earthquakes to understand their mechanics and to assess earthquake hazards.
Seismology measurement refers to the techniques and tools used to detect, record, and analyze seismic waves generated by various natural and human-induced events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. The primary goal of seismology is to understand the dynamics of these events, assess their potential impact, and improve the prediction of future occurrences.
Volcano seismology is a branch of geophysics that focuses on the study of seismic activity associated with volcanoes. It involves the detection, analysis, and interpretation of seismic waves generated by various volcanic processes, including magma movement, explosive eruptions, and volcanic tremors. The primary objectives of volcano seismology include: 1. **Monitoring Volcanic Activity**: Seismologists use seismometers to monitor and record ground vibrations around volcanoes.
The Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) is a network of seismic monitoring systems in the United States that aims to provide real-time earthquake data and enhance the nation’s ability to respond to seismic events. Established by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the ANSS integrates various seismic networks to improve earthquake detection, characterization, and the dissemination of earthquake information.
Dispersive body waves refer to seismic waves that travel through a medium (such as the Earth's crust or mantle) and exhibit dispersion, meaning that their velocity depends on their frequency. In the context of seismology, body waves are classified into two main types: primary waves (P-waves) and secondary waves (S-waves). Dispersive behavior occurs when different frequencies of the wave propagate at different speeds.
Earthquake rotational loading refers to the rotational forces that buildings and structures experience during an earthquake. While most seismic design and analysis focus on translational forces—those acting in a linear direction due to ground shaking—rotational loading recognizes that the ground motion during an earthquake can also induce rotations in structures. This can happen due to uneven ground movement, torsional effects, or irregularities in a structure’s geometry.
Microtremors refer to very low amplitude seismic waves or vibrations that occur in the ground, typically caused by natural phenomena like ocean waves, wind, or human activities, such as traffic or machinery. They are generally imperceptible to the human senses but can be detected using sensitive instruments. Microtremors are often studied in the context of geophysics and engineering because they can provide valuable information about subsurface conditions, such as soil properties and structural integrity.
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape the Earth's surface. It encompasses the analysis of landform characteristics, formation, evolution, and the interactions between various physical and chemical processes that contribute to landscape development. Geomorphologists study both natural processes, such as weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity, as well as human-induced changes to the landscape.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact