The 12th century was notable for the gradual introduction of classical knowledge in Europe, particularly the works of ancient mathematicians and scholars. While there weren't many prominent mathematicians in England during the 12th century specifically, this period was marked by significant developments in the mathematical and scientific fields, largely due to the influence of translations from Arabic and Latin texts.

The Robertsbridge Codex is a significant early manuscript of musical notation, dating from around the year 1320. It is notable for being one of the oldest surviving sources of polyphonic music, which refers to music that features multiple independent melody lines sung or played simultaneously. The codex is named after the village of Robertsbridge in Sussex, England, where it was discovered in the 19th century.

The "Selden Carol Book," also known as the "Selden Manuscript" or "MS Selden supra 30," is a significant collection of medieval English carols. It is named after its former owner, the scholar John Selden, and dates back to the late 15th century. The manuscript is notable for containing a variety of carols and musical settings that reflect the customs and celebrations associated with Christmas and other seasonal festivities during that period.

Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) was an Italian painter, mathematician, and a prominent figure of the Early Renaissance. He is best known for his contributions to the art of perspective and for his use of geometric forms in painting, which distinguished him from many of his contemporaries. Piero's work is characterized by its clarity, precision, and serene quality, often featuring religious themes and portraits.

Daniel McCartney could refer to different individuals, as it's a relatively common name. Without more context, it's difficult to determine which specific Daniel McCartney you are referring to. He could be a public figure, professional, or someone involved in a specific field.

As of my last update in October 2021, "Tonaries" does not refer to a widely recognized term or concept in English. It could potentially be a misspelling, a niche term, or something that has emerged or gained prominence after my last update.

The Jenaer Liederhandschrift, or Jena Song Manuscript, is a significant source of medieval German songs and poetry. It is a collection of secular and sacred songs that dates back to the late 13th century, specifically around the years 1260 to 1290. The manuscript is named after the city of Jena, where it is housed.

Adaptive Replacement Cache (ARC) is a caching algorithm designed to improve the efficiency of memory storage and retrieval operations. It primarily addresses the limitations of traditional cache replacement policies, such as Least Recently Used (LRU) and First-In-First-Out (FIFO), by adaptively balancing between different cache eviction strategies based on the workload characteristics. **Key Features of ARC:** 1.

Buddy memory allocation is a memory management scheme that divides memory into partitions to satisfy memory allocation requests. It aims to efficiently manage free memory blocks and reduce fragmentation. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Memory Division into Blocks**: Memory is divided into blocks of sizes that are powers of two. For instance, if the total memory is 1024 KB, it could be divided into blocks of sizes 1 KB, 2 KB, 4 KB, 8 KB, etc.

A page replacement algorithm is a method used in operating systems to manage the use of memory when the physical memory (RAM) becomes full. Since processes typically require more memory than is available, the operating system must determine which pages (blocks of memory) to remove from memory when a new page needs to be loaded. The goal of these algorithms is to optimize memory usage and minimize the number of page faults, which occur when a program tries to access data that is not currently loaded into memory.

Alberto Coto García is a renowned Spanish mental calculator, known for his extraordinary abilities in performing complex mathematical calculations in his head quickly and accurately. He gained fame for his mental arithmetic skills, including multiplying large numbers, finding square roots, and performing other calculations faster than a conventional calculator. Coto has participated in various mental calculation competitions and has held multiple records in mental math, contributing to the popularization of mental calculation techniques.

Jedediah Buxton (1707–1772) was an Englishman known for his extraordinary mental abilities, particularly in arithmetic. He gained recognition for his ability to perform complex calculations in his head, often referred to as being a "human calculator." Buxton lived in a rural area and had little formal education, yet he became famous for his talent, drawing the attention of both the public and intellectuals of his time.

The Mental Calculation World Cup is an international competition that showcases the skills of individuals who can perform complex calculations mentally, without the use of calculators or other external aids. Participants compete in various mathematical tasks, such as rapid multiplication, addition, square roots, and more, demonstrating their ability to process numbers quickly and accurately in their heads. The event typically attracts mental math enthusiasts from around the world and is often organized in various categories and formats, allowing competitors of different skill levels to participate.

Paul Erdős was a highly influential Hungarian mathematician known for his extensive work in number theory, combinatorics, and graph theory. Born on March 26, 1913, he made significant contributions to various areas of mathematics, including the theory of prime numbers, set theory, and the foundations of mathematics.

Scott Flansburg, often known as "The Human Calculator," is an American mental math expert and speaker renowned for his ability to perform complex arithmetic calculations rapidly and accurately in his head. He has garnered attention for his impressive mental calculation skills, which he demonstrates in various performances and television appearances. Flansburg has also worked to promote mathematics education and has written books and created programs aimed at helping students improve their math skills.

Shakuntala Devi was an Indian mathematician, astrologer, and author, known for her extraordinary ability to perform complex mathematical calculations rapidly and accurately. Born on November 4, 1929, in Bangalore, India, she earned the title "Human Computer" due to her remarkable mental calculations, which enabled her to perform feats such as multiplying large numbers in seconds.

The 101st meridian east is a line of longitude that is 101 degrees east of the Prime Meridian, which is designated as 0 degrees longitude. This meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, crossing various countries and regions along the way. In terms of geography, the 101st meridian east passes through several areas, including parts of Russia, Mongolia, China, and India.

The 121st meridian west is a line of longitude that is 121 degrees west of the Greenwich Meridian, which is considered the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude). This meridian runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through North America. In North America, the 121st meridian west runs through several regions, including parts of the United States and Canada. Notably, it passes through the western part of the state of Washington, Oregon, and into California.

The 112th meridian east is a line of longitude located 112 degrees east of the Prime Meridian, which is at 0 degrees longitude.

The 142nd meridian east is a line of longitude that is 142 degrees east of the Prime Meridian, which is situated at 0 degrees longitude. Meridians are the imaginary lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and are used to help establish geographical coordinates. The 142nd meridian east passes through several regions, including parts of Eastern Russia, Japan, and various areas of the Pacific Ocean.